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# Lisp # Lisp
Lisp (originally LISP for **Lis**t **P**rocessing) is a family of [programming languages](programming_language.md) that share common features Lisp (originally LISP for **Lis**t **P**rocessing) is a family of [programming languages](programming_language.md) that share common features
such as the S-Expression syntax, powerful metaprogramming capabilities with macros adding extensibility, the use of lists such as the S-Expression syntax, powerful metaprogramming capabilities with macros adding extensibility, the use of lists
as the principal data structure, first-class functions (lambdas), garbage collection and recursion. as the principal [data structure](data_structure.md), first-class functions (lambdas), garbage collection and recursion.
Lisp was created in 1958 by John McCarthy, making Lisp on of the oldest languages used today, second to Fortran. Lisp was created in 1958 by John McCarthy, making Lisp on of the oldest languages used today, second to Fortran.
Originally Lisp didn't use the now ubiquitous S-Expression syntax but M-Expressions (as used in the Lisp 1.5 manual), however S-Expressions turned Originally Lisp didn't use the now ubiquitous S-Expression syntax but M-Expressions (as used in the Lisp 1.5 manual), however S-Expressions turned
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Unlike other languages at the time and also modern languages, Lisp is homoiconic, that is, Lisp source code is data that can be manipulated Unlike other languages at the time and also modern languages, Lisp is homoiconic, that is, Lisp source code is data that can be manipulated
by the program itself. This gives Lisp powerful metaprogramming capabilities through the use of macros which modify the program data at compile by the program itself. This gives Lisp powerful metaprogramming capabilities through the use of macros which modify the program data at compile
time. Therefore, Lisp source code directly represents the program as a tree without extra superfluous syntax (as in "mainstream" programming languages). time. Therefore, Lisp source code directly represents the program as a tree without extra superfluous syntax (as in "mainstream" [programming languages](programming_language.md)).
A PDF of the original Lisp 1.5 manual can be found here: <https://www.lispmachine.net/books/LISP_1.5_Programmers_Manual.pdf>. Head to page 13 for A PDF of the original Lisp 1.5 manual can be found here: <https://www.lispmachine.net/books/LISP_1.5_Programmers_Manual.pdf>. Head to page 13 for
enlightenment. enlightenment.
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;; (*) 16 ;; (*) 16
;; / \ ;; / \
;; 20 2 ;; 20 2
;; Or simply equivalent to this Lisp expression:
(* (/ (+ (* 20 2) 16) 30) 5)
``` ```
## Lisp languages in use ## Lisp languages in use
- [Scheme](scheme.md): created by the hackers Guy Steele and Gerald Sussman in 1975 at the MIT. - [Scheme](scheme.md): created by the hackers Guy Steele and Gerald Sussman in 1975 at the MIT.
- [Common Lisp](common_lisp.md): Big for Lisp standards (still better and smaller than "modern" languages), is also the most used Lisp today. - [Common Lisp](common_lisp.md): Big for Lisp standards (still better and smaller than "modern" languages), is also the most used Lisp today.
The main implementation is SBCL, a public domain JIT compiler.
- Clojure: based in the [JVM](jvm.md) (Java Virtual Machine), does not have `cons`, `car` or `cdr`. - Clojure: based in the [JVM](jvm.md) (Java Virtual Machine), does not have `cons`, `car` or `cdr`.
- ... - ...