05aca09381 build: Patch Qt to handle minimum macOS version properly (Hennadii Stepanov)
Pull request description:
This PR is:
- required to [switch](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/28622) to macOS 14 SDK (Xcode 15).
- an alternative to https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/28732 and https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/28775.
Qt relies on the `__MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED` macro, which is set in the `AvailabilityInternal.h` SDK header to
the value provided by the Clang driver from the `-mmacos-version-min` / `-mmacosx-version-min` option.
Xcode 12 SDK expects the OS-specific `__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__` macro:
```c++
#ifndef __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED
#ifdef __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__
/* compiler for Mac OS X sets __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ */
#define __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__
#endif
#endif /* __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED*/
```
In the other hand, Xcode 15 SDK expects a general `__ENVIRONMENT_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__` macro:
```c++
#ifndef __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED
#if defined(__has_builtin) && __has_builtin(__is_target_os)
#if __is_target_os(macos)
#define __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED __ENVIRONMENT_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__
#define __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED __MAC_14_0
#endif
#elif __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__
#define __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__
#define __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED __MAC_14_0
#endif /* __has_builtin(__is_target_os) && __is_target_os(macos) */
#endif /* __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED */
```
The latter macro is not provided by LLVM Clang until c8e2dd8c6f, which is available in Clang 17.
The suggested patch makes Qt "borrow" the `__MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED` value from `MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED`, which is set in the `AvailabilityMacros.h` SDK header.
ACKs for top commit:
maflcko:
lgtm ACK 05aca09381
Tree-SHA512: 8891aefde4b8a48885abf0648f4ec71a22f7fcfca1e17ebb8c70ce1ef44751ea5db6b8b652de6ee8a716ca5f96f720fef01600bc23986162d0146c946e2e8743
160d23677a