diff --git a/src/bench/connectblock.cpp b/src/bench/connectblock.cpp
index 3746ea29374..1451b88c9d0 100644
--- a/src/bench/connectblock.cpp
+++ b/src/bench/connectblock.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <script/interpreter.h>
 #include <sync.h>
 #include <test/util/setup_common.h>
+#include <undo.h>
 #include <validation.h>
 
 #include <cassert>
@@ -100,7 +101,10 @@ void BenchmarkConnectBlock(benchmark::Bench& bench, std::vector<CKey>& keys, std
         auto* pindex{chainman->m_blockman.AddToBlockIndex(test_block, chainman->m_best_header)}; // Doing this here doesn't impact the benchmark
         CCoinsViewCache viewNew{&chainstate.CoinsTip()};
 
-        assert(chainstate.ConnectBlock(test_block, test_block_state, pindex, viewNew));
+        CBlockUndo blockundo;
+        const auto block_hash{test_block.GetHash()};
+        assert(chainstate.SpendBlock(test_block, pindex, block_hash, viewNew, test_block_state, blockundo));
+        assert(chainstate.ConnectBlock(test_block, block_hash, blockundo, test_block_state, pindex));
     });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/coins.cpp b/src/coins.cpp
index 24a102b0bc1..6f7982c258c 100644
--- a/src/coins.cpp
+++ b/src/coins.cpp
@@ -160,6 +160,29 @@ const Coin& CCoinsViewCache::AccessCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
     }
 }
 
+std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>> CCoinsViewCache::AccessCoins(const CTransaction& tx) const
+{
+    std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>> coins;
+    coins.reserve(tx.vin.size());
+    for (const CTxIn& input : tx.vin) {
+        coins.emplace_back(AccessCoin(input.prevout));
+    }
+    return coins;
+}
+
+std::vector<CTxOut> CCoinsViewCache::GetUnspentOutputs(const CTransaction& tx) const
+{
+    std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs;
+    spent_outputs.reserve(tx.vin.size());
+    for (const auto& txin : tx.vin) {
+        const COutPoint& prevout = txin.prevout;
+        const Coin& coin = AccessCoin(prevout);
+        assert(!coin.IsSpent());
+        spent_outputs.emplace_back(coin.out);
+    }
+    return spent_outputs;
+}
+
 bool CCoinsViewCache::HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
     CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = FetchCoin(outpoint);
     return (it != cacheCoins.end() && !it->second.coin.IsSpent());
diff --git a/src/coins.h b/src/coins.h
index 61fb4af6420..907ab4cdf2d 100644
--- a/src/coins.h
+++ b/src/coins.h
@@ -415,6 +415,22 @@ public:
      */
     const Coin& AccessCoin(const COutPoint &output) const;
 
+    /**
+     * Return a vector of references to Coins in the cache, or coinEmpty if
+     * the Coin is not found.
+     *
+     * Generally, this should only be held for a short scope. The coins should
+     * generally not be held through any other calls to this cache.
+     */
+    std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>> AccessCoins(const CTransaction& tx) const;
+
+    /**
+     * Return a vector of unspent outputs of coins in the cache that are spent
+     * by the provided transaction. The coins they belong to must be unspent in
+     * the cache.
+     */
+    std::vector<CTxOut> GetUnspentOutputs(const CTransaction& tx) const;
+
     /**
      * Add a coin. Set possible_overwrite to true if an unspent version may
      * already exist in the cache.
diff --git a/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp b/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp
index 95466b759cb..97f8241089f 100644
--- a/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp
+++ b/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,16 @@
 #include <util/check.h>
 #include <util/moneystr.h>
 
+template <typename T>
+static constexpr const Coin& GetCoin(const T& item)
+{
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>>) {
+        return item.get();
+    } else {
+        return item;
+    }
+}
+
 bool IsFinalTx(const CTransaction &tx, int nBlockHeight, int64_t nBlockTime)
 {
     if (tx.nLockTime == 0)
@@ -123,24 +133,33 @@ unsigned int GetLegacySigOpCount(const CTransaction& tx)
     return nSigOps;
 }
 
-unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& inputs)
+template <typename T>
+unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount(const CTransaction& tx, const T coins)
 {
     if (tx.IsCoinBase())
         return 0;
 
     unsigned int nSigOps = 0;
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
-    {
-        const Coin& coin = inputs.AccessCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout);
+    Assert(coins.size() == tx.vin.size());
+    auto input_it = tx.vin.begin();
+    for (auto it = coins.begin(); it != coins.end(); ++it, ++input_it) {
+        const Coin& coin{GetCoin(*it)};
         assert(!coin.IsSpent());
         const CTxOut &prevout = coin.out;
         if (prevout.scriptPubKey.IsPayToScriptHash())
-            nSigOps += prevout.scriptPubKey.GetSigOpCount(tx.vin[i].scriptSig);
+            nSigOps += prevout.scriptPubKey.GetSigOpCount(input_it->scriptSig);
     }
     return nSigOps;
 }
 
-int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& inputs, uint32_t flags)
+template unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount<std::span<const Coin>>(
+    const CTransaction& tx, const std::span<const Coin>);
+
+template unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount<std::span<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>>>(
+    const CTransaction& tx, const std::span<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>>);
+
+template <typename T>
+int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost(const CTransaction& tx, const T coins, uint32_t flags)
 {
     int64_t nSigOps = GetLegacySigOpCount(tx) * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR;
 
@@ -148,37 +167,39 @@ int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& i
         return nSigOps;
 
     if (flags & SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH) {
-        nSigOps += GetP2SHSigOpCount(tx, inputs) * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR;
+        nSigOps += GetP2SHSigOpCount(tx, coins) * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR;
     }
 
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
-    {
-        const Coin& coin = inputs.AccessCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout);
+    Assert(coins.size() == tx.vin.size());
+    auto input_it = tx.vin.begin();
+    for (auto it = coins.begin(); it != coins.end(); ++it, ++input_it) {
+        const Coin& coin{GetCoin(*it)};
         assert(!coin.IsSpent());
         const CTxOut &prevout = coin.out;
-        nSigOps += CountWitnessSigOps(tx.vin[i].scriptSig, prevout.scriptPubKey, &tx.vin[i].scriptWitness, flags);
+        nSigOps += CountWitnessSigOps(input_it->scriptSig, prevout.scriptPubKey, &input_it->scriptWitness, flags);
     }
     return nSigOps;
 }
+template int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost<std::span<const Coin>>(
+    const CTransaction& tx, std::span<const Coin> coins, uint32_t flags);
 
-bool Consensus::CheckTxInputs(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state, const CCoinsViewCache& inputs, int nSpendHeight, CAmount& txfee)
+template int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost<std::span<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>>>(
+    const CTransaction& tx, const std::span<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>> coins, uint32_t flags);
+
+template <typename T>
+bool Consensus::CheckTxInputs(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state, const T coins, int nSpendHeight, CAmount& txfee)
 {
-    // are the actual inputs available?
-    if (!inputs.HaveInputs(tx)) {
-        return state.Invalid(TxValidationResult::TX_MISSING_INPUTS, "bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent",
-                         strprintf("%s: inputs missing/spent", __func__));
-    }
-
     CAmount nValueIn = 0;
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); ++i) {
-        const COutPoint &prevout = tx.vin[i].prevout;
-        const Coin& coin = inputs.AccessCoin(prevout);
+    Assert(coins.size() == tx.vin.size());
+    auto input_it = tx.vin.begin();
+    for (auto it = coins.begin(); it != coins.end(); ++it, ++input_it) {
+        const Coin& coin{GetCoin(*it)};
         assert(!coin.IsSpent());
 
         // If prev is coinbase, check that it's matured
         if (coin.IsCoinBase() && nSpendHeight - coin.nHeight < COINBASE_MATURITY) {
             return state.Invalid(TxValidationResult::TX_PREMATURE_SPEND, "bad-txns-premature-spend-of-coinbase",
-                strprintf("tried to spend coinbase at depth %d", nSpendHeight - coin.nHeight));
+                strprintf("tried to spend coinbase at depth %d", static_cast<int>(nSpendHeight - coin.nHeight)));
         }
 
         // Check for negative or overflow input values
@@ -203,3 +224,9 @@ bool Consensus::CheckTxInputs(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state,
     txfee = txfee_aux;
     return true;
 }
+
+template bool Consensus::CheckTxInputs<std::span<const Coin>>(
+    const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state, const std::span<const Coin> coins, int nSpendHeight, CAmount& txfee);
+
+template bool Consensus::CheckTxInputs<std::span<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>>>(
+    const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state, const std::span<std::reference_wrapper<const Coin>> coins, int nSpendHeight, CAmount& txfee);
diff --git a/src/consensus/tx_verify.h b/src/consensus/tx_verify.h
index d2cf792cf3f..88b2d6164bc 100644
--- a/src/consensus/tx_verify.h
+++ b/src/consensus/tx_verify.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #ifndef BITCOIN_CONSENSUS_TX_VERIFY_H
 #define BITCOIN_CONSENSUS_TX_VERIFY_H
 
+#include <coins.h>
 #include <consensus/amount.h>
 
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -24,7 +25,8 @@ namespace Consensus {
  * @param[out] txfee Set to the transaction fee if successful.
  * Preconditions: tx.IsCoinBase() is false.
  */
-[[nodiscard]] bool CheckTxInputs(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state, const CCoinsViewCache& inputs, int nSpendHeight, CAmount& txfee);
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] bool CheckTxInputs(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state, const T coins, int nSpendHeight, CAmount& txfee);
 } // namespace Consensus
 
 /** Auxiliary functions for transaction validation (ideally should not be exposed) */
@@ -39,20 +41,22 @@ unsigned int GetLegacySigOpCount(const CTransaction& tx);
 /**
  * Count ECDSA signature operations in pay-to-script-hash inputs.
  *
- * @param[in] mapInputs Map of previous transactions that have outputs we're spending
+ * @param[in] coins Sorted span of Coins containing previous transaction outputs we're spending
  * @return maximum number of sigops required to validate this transaction's inputs
  * @see CTransaction::FetchInputs
  */
-unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& mapInputs);
+template <typename T>
+unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount(const CTransaction& tx, const T coins);
 
 /**
  * Compute total signature operation cost of a transaction.
- * @param[in] tx     Transaction for which we are computing the cost
- * @param[in] inputs Map of previous transactions that have outputs we're spending
+ * @param[in] tx    Transaction for which we are computing the cost
+ * @param[in] coins Sorted span of Coins containing previous transaction outputs we're spending
  * @param[in] flags Script verification flags
  * @return Total signature operation cost of tx
  */
-int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& inputs, uint32_t flags);
+template <typename T>
+int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost(const CTransaction& tx, const T coins, uint32_t flags);
 
 /**
  * Check if transaction is final and can be included in a block with the
diff --git a/src/node/psbt.cpp b/src/node/psbt.cpp
index 51e252bffca..3b203594e30 100644
--- a/src/node/psbt.cpp
+++ b/src/node/psbt.cpp
@@ -137,7 +137,8 @@ PSBTAnalysis AnalyzePSBT(PartiallySignedTransaction psbtx)
 
         if (success) {
             CTransaction ctx = CTransaction(mtx);
-            size_t size(GetVirtualTransactionSize(ctx, GetTransactionSigOpCost(ctx, view, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS), ::nBytesPerSigOp));
+            auto coins{view.AccessCoins(ctx)};
+            size_t size(GetVirtualTransactionSize(ctx, GetTransactionSigOpCost(ctx, std::span{coins}, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS), ::nBytesPerSigOp));
             result.estimated_vsize = size;
             // Estimate fee rate
             CFeeRate feerate(fee, size);
diff --git a/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp b/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp
index e09aad05e94..422182894bd 100644
--- a/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/coinstatsindex_tests.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <test/util/index.h>
 #include <test/util/setup_common.h>
 #include <test/util/validation.h>
+#include <undo.h>
 #include <validation.h>
 
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
@@ -100,7 +101,10 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(coinstatsindex_unclean_shutdown, TestChain100Setup)
             BOOST_CHECK(CheckBlock(block, state, params.GetConsensus()));
             BOOST_CHECK(m_node.chainman->AcceptBlock(new_block, state, &new_block_index, true, nullptr, nullptr, true));
             CCoinsViewCache view(&chainstate.CoinsTip());
-            BOOST_CHECK(chainstate.ConnectBlock(block, state, new_block_index, view));
+            CBlockUndo blockundo;
+            const auto block_hash{block.GetHash()};
+            BOOST_CHECK(chainstate.SpendBlock(block, new_block_index, block_hash, view, state, blockundo));
+            BOOST_CHECK(chainstate.ConnectBlock(block, block_hash, blockundo, state, new_block_index));
         }
         // Send block connected notification, then stop the index without
         // sending a chainstate flushed notification. Prior to #24138, this
diff --git a/src/test/fuzz/coins_view.cpp b/src/test/fuzz/coins_view.cpp
index 9c6aa6e7a1e..5c6ab63f088 100644
--- a/src/test/fuzz/coins_view.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/coins_view.cpp
@@ -255,7 +255,10 @@ FUZZ_TARGET(coins_view, .init = initialize_coins_view)
                     // It is not allowed to call CheckTxInputs if CheckTransaction failed
                     return;
                 }
-                if (Consensus::CheckTxInputs(transaction, state, coins_view_cache, fuzzed_data_provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int>(0, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()), tx_fee_out)) {
+                // are the actual inputs available?
+                if (!coins_view_cache.HaveInputs(transaction)) return;
+                auto coins{coins_view_cache.AccessCoins(transaction)};
+                if (Consensus::CheckTxInputs(transaction, state, std::span{coins}, fuzzed_data_provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int>(0, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()), tx_fee_out)) {
                     assert(MoneyRange(tx_fee_out));
                 }
             },
@@ -266,7 +269,8 @@ FUZZ_TARGET(coins_view, .init = initialize_coins_view)
                     // consensus/tx_verify.cpp:130: unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount(const CTransaction &, const CCoinsViewCache &): Assertion `!coin.IsSpent()' failed.
                     return;
                 }
-                (void)GetP2SHSigOpCount(transaction, coins_view_cache);
+                auto coins{coins_view_cache.AccessCoins(transaction)};
+                (void)GetP2SHSigOpCount(transaction, std::span{coins});
             },
             [&] {
                 const CTransaction transaction{random_mutable_transaction};
@@ -281,7 +285,8 @@ FUZZ_TARGET(coins_view, .init = initialize_coins_view)
                     // script/interpreter.cpp:1705: size_t CountWitnessSigOps(const CScript &, const CScript &, const CScriptWitness *, unsigned int): Assertion `(flags & SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH) != 0' failed.
                     return;
                 }
-                (void)GetTransactionSigOpCost(transaction, coins_view_cache, flags);
+                auto coins{coins_view_cache.AccessCoins(transaction)};
+                (void)GetTransactionSigOpCost(transaction, std::span{coins}, flags);
             },
             [&] {
                 (void)IsWitnessStandard(CTransaction{random_mutable_transaction}, coins_view_cache);
diff --git a/src/test/script_p2sh_tests.cpp b/src/test/script_p2sh_tests.cpp
index bb408b7b0f5..e831bad64f9 100644
--- a/src/test/script_p2sh_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/script_p2sh_tests.cpp
@@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(AreInputsStandard)
 
     BOOST_CHECK(::AreInputsStandard(CTransaction(txTo), coins));
     // 22 P2SH sigops for all inputs (1 for vin[0], 6 for vin[3], 15 for vin[4]
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(GetP2SHSigOpCount(CTransaction(txTo), coins), 22U);
+    auto coinsTxTo{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(txTo))};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(GetP2SHSigOpCount(CTransaction(txTo), std::span{coinsTxTo}), 22U);
 
     CMutableTransaction txToNonStd1;
     txToNonStd1.vout.resize(1);
@@ -374,7 +375,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(AreInputsStandard)
     txToNonStd1.vin[0].scriptSig << std::vector<unsigned char>(sixteenSigops.begin(), sixteenSigops.end());
 
     BOOST_CHECK(!::AreInputsStandard(CTransaction(txToNonStd1), coins));
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(GetP2SHSigOpCount(CTransaction(txToNonStd1), coins), 16U);
+    auto coinsTxToNonStd1{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(txToNonStd1))};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(GetP2SHSigOpCount(CTransaction(txToNonStd1), std::span{coinsTxToNonStd1}), 16U);
 
     CMutableTransaction txToNonStd2;
     txToNonStd2.vout.resize(1);
@@ -386,7 +388,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(AreInputsStandard)
     txToNonStd2.vin[0].scriptSig << std::vector<unsigned char>(twentySigops.begin(), twentySigops.end());
 
     BOOST_CHECK(!::AreInputsStandard(CTransaction(txToNonStd2), coins));
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(GetP2SHSigOpCount(CTransaction(txToNonStd2), coins), 20U);
+    auto coinsTxToNonStd2{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(txToNonStd2))};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(GetP2SHSigOpCount(CTransaction(txToNonStd2), std::span{coinsTxToNonStd2}), 20U);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
diff --git a/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp b/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
index aed67d5f3cf..886b78127e1 100644
--- a/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
@@ -131,13 +131,15 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         CScript scriptSig = CScript() << OP_0 << OP_0;
 
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, CScriptWitness());
+        auto spending_coins{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx))};
         // Legacy counting only includes signature operations in scriptSigs and scriptPubKeys
         // of a transaction and does not take the actual executed sig operations into account.
         // spendingTx in itself does not contain a signature operation.
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 0);
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 0);
         // creationTx contains two signature operations in its scriptPubKey, but legacy counting
         // is not accurate.
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(creationTx), coins, flags) == MAX_PUBKEYS_PER_MULTISIG * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR);
+        auto creation_coins{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(creationTx))};
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(creationTx), std::span{creation_coins}, flags) == MAX_PUBKEYS_PER_MULTISIG * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR);
         // Sanity check: script verification fails because of an invalid signature.
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(CTransaction(creationTx), spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY);
     }
@@ -149,7 +151,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         CScript scriptSig = CScript() << OP_0 << OP_0 << ToByteVector(redeemScript);
 
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, CScriptWitness());
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 2 * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR);
+        auto spending_coins{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx))};
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 2 * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(CTransaction(creationTx), spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY);
     }
 
@@ -163,22 +166,25 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
 
 
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 1);
+        auto spending_coins{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx))};
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 1);
         // No signature operations if we don't verify the witness.
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS) == 0);
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS) == 0);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(CTransaction(creationTx), spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_EQUALVERIFY);
 
         // The sig op cost for witness version != 0 is zero.
         assert(scriptPubKey[0] == 0x00);
         scriptPubKey[0] = 0x51;
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 0);
+        spending_coins = coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx));
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 0);
         scriptPubKey[0] = 0x00;
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
 
         // The witness of a coinbase transaction is not taken into account.
         spendingTx.vin[0].prevout.SetNull();
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 0);
+        spending_coins = coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx));
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 0);
     }
 
     // P2WPKH nested in P2SH
@@ -191,7 +197,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         scriptWitness.stack.emplace_back(0);
 
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 1);
+        auto spending_coins{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx))};
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 1);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(CTransaction(creationTx), spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_EQUALVERIFY);
     }
 
@@ -206,8 +213,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         scriptWitness.stack.emplace_back(witnessScript.begin(), witnessScript.end());
 
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 2);
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS) == 0);
+        auto spending_coins{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx))};
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 2);
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS) == 0);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(CTransaction(creationTx), spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY);
     }
 
@@ -223,7 +231,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         scriptWitness.stack.emplace_back(witnessScript.begin(), witnessScript.end());
 
         BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
-        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 2);
+        auto spending_coins{coins.AccessCoins(CTransaction(spendingTx))};
+        assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), std::span{spending_coins}, flags) == 2);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(CTransaction(creationTx), spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/test/txvalidationcache_tests.cpp b/src/test/txvalidationcache_tests.cpp
index af36a956931..6268b0177b4 100644
--- a/src/test/txvalidationcache_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/txvalidationcache_tests.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ struct Dersig100Setup : public TestChain100Setup {
 };
 
 bool CheckInputScripts(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state,
-                       const CCoinsViewCache& inputs, unsigned int flags, bool cacheSigStore,
+                       std::vector<CTxOut>&& spent_outputs, unsigned int flags, bool cacheSigStore,
                        bool cacheFullScriptStore, PrecomputedTransactionData& txdata,
                        ValidationCache& validation_cache,
                        std::vector<CScriptCheck>* pvChecks) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
@@ -124,6 +124,9 @@ static void ValidateCheckInputsForAllFlags(const CTransaction &tx, uint32_t fail
 {
     PrecomputedTransactionData txdata;
 
+    std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs{active_coins_tip.GetUnspentOutputs(tx)};
+    txdata.Init(tx, std::move(spent_outputs));
+
     FastRandomContext insecure_rand(true);
 
     for (int count = 0; count < 10000; ++count) {
@@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ static void ValidateCheckInputsForAllFlags(const CTransaction &tx, uint32_t fail
             // WITNESS requires P2SH
             test_flags |= SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH;
         }
-        bool ret = CheckInputScripts(tx, state, &active_coins_tip, test_flags, true, add_to_cache, txdata, validation_cache, nullptr);
+        bool ret = CheckInputScripts(tx, state, {}, test_flags, true, add_to_cache, txdata, validation_cache, nullptr);
         // CheckInputScripts should succeed iff test_flags doesn't intersect with
         // failing_flags
         bool expected_return_value = !(test_flags & failing_flags);
@@ -152,13 +155,13 @@ static void ValidateCheckInputsForAllFlags(const CTransaction &tx, uint32_t fail
         if (ret && add_to_cache) {
             // Check that we get a cache hit if the tx was valid
             std::vector<CScriptCheck> scriptchecks;
-            BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(tx, state, &active_coins_tip, test_flags, true, add_to_cache, txdata, validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
+            BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(tx, state, {}, test_flags, true, add_to_cache, txdata, validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
             BOOST_CHECK(scriptchecks.empty());
         } else {
             // Check that we get script executions to check, if the transaction
             // was invalid, or we didn't add to cache.
             std::vector<CScriptCheck> scriptchecks;
-            BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(tx, state, &active_coins_tip, test_flags, true, add_to_cache, txdata, validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
+            BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(tx, state, {}, test_flags, true, add_to_cache, txdata, validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
             BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(scriptchecks.size(), tx.vin.size());
         }
     }
@@ -216,13 +219,16 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(checkinputs_test, Dersig100Setup)
         TxValidationState state;
         PrecomputedTransactionData ptd_spend_tx;
 
-        BOOST_CHECK(!CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(spend_tx), state, &m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip(), SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_DERSIG, true, true, ptd_spend_tx, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
+        std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs{m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip().GetUnspentOutputs(CTransaction(spend_tx))};
+        ptd_spend_tx.Init(spend_tx, std::move(spent_outputs));
+
+        BOOST_CHECK(!CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(spend_tx), state, {}, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_DERSIG, true, true, ptd_spend_tx, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
 
         // If we call again asking for scriptchecks (as happens in
         // ConnectBlock), we should add a script check object for this -- we're
         // not caching invalidity (if that changes, delete this test case).
         std::vector<CScriptCheck> scriptchecks;
-        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(spend_tx), state, &m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip(), SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_DERSIG, true, true, ptd_spend_tx, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
+        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(spend_tx), state, {}, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_DERSIG, true, true, ptd_spend_tx, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(scriptchecks.size(), 1U);
 
         // Test that CheckInputScripts returns true iff DERSIG-enforcing flags are
@@ -284,7 +290,10 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(checkinputs_test, Dersig100Setup)
         invalid_with_cltv_tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() << vchSig << 100;
         TxValidationState state;
         PrecomputedTransactionData txdata;
-        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(invalid_with_cltv_tx), state, m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip(), SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
+        std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs{m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip().GetUnspentOutputs(CTransaction(invalid_with_cltv_tx))};
+        txdata.Init(invalid_with_cltv_tx, std::move(spent_outputs));
+
+        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(invalid_with_cltv_tx), state, {}, SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
     }
 
     // TEST CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY
@@ -312,7 +321,10 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(checkinputs_test, Dersig100Setup)
         invalid_with_csv_tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() << vchSig << 100;
         TxValidationState state;
         PrecomputedTransactionData txdata;
-        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(invalid_with_csv_tx), state, &m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip(), SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
+        std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs{m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip().GetUnspentOutputs(CTransaction(invalid_with_csv_tx))};
+        txdata.Init(invalid_with_csv_tx, std::move(spent_outputs));
+
+        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(invalid_with_csv_tx), state, {}, SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
     }
 
     // TODO: add tests for remaining script flags
@@ -373,13 +385,16 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(checkinputs_test, Dersig100Setup)
 
         TxValidationState state;
         PrecomputedTransactionData txdata;
+        std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs{m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip().GetUnspentOutputs(CTransaction(tx))};
+        txdata.Init(tx, std::move(spent_outputs));
+
         // This transaction is now invalid under segwit, because of the second input.
-        BOOST_CHECK(!CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(tx), state, &m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip(), SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
+        BOOST_CHECK(!CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(tx), state, {}, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, nullptr));
 
         std::vector<CScriptCheck> scriptchecks;
         // Make sure this transaction was not cached (ie because the first
         // input was valid)
-        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(tx), state, &m_node.chainman->ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip(), SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
+        BOOST_CHECK(CheckInputScripts(CTransaction(tx), state, {}, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, true, true, txdata, m_node.chainman->m_validation_cache, &scriptchecks));
         // Should get 2 script checks back -- caching is on a whole-transaction basis.
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(scriptchecks.size(), 2U);
     }
diff --git a/src/txmempool.cpp b/src/txmempool.cpp
index 3a5a3fb306d..51b9ac08668 100644
--- a/src/txmempool.cpp
+++ b/src/txmempool.cpp
@@ -777,7 +777,9 @@ void CTxMemPool::check(const CCoinsViewCache& active_coins_tip, int64_t spendhei
         TxValidationState dummy_state; // Not used. CheckTxInputs() should always pass
         CAmount txfee = 0;
         assert(!tx.IsCoinBase());
-        assert(Consensus::CheckTxInputs(tx, dummy_state, mempoolDuplicate, spendheight, txfee));
+        assert(mempoolDuplicate.HaveInputs(tx));
+        auto coins{mempoolDuplicate.AccessCoins(tx)};
+        assert(Consensus::CheckTxInputs(tx, dummy_state, std::span{coins}, spendheight, txfee));
         for (const auto& input: tx.vin) mempoolDuplicate.SpendCoin(input.prevout);
         AddCoins(mempoolDuplicate, tx, std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
     }
diff --git a/src/validation.cpp b/src/validation.cpp
index 1213d8be9f9..abb64a90c82 100644
--- a/src/validation.cpp
+++ b/src/validation.cpp
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ const CBlockIndex* Chainstate::FindForkInGlobalIndex(const CBlockLocator& locato
 }
 
 bool CheckInputScripts(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state,
-                       const CCoinsViewCache& inputs, unsigned int flags, bool cacheSigStore,
+                       std::vector<CTxOut>&& spent_outputs, unsigned int flags, bool cacheSigStore,
                        bool cacheFullScriptStore, PrecomputedTransactionData& txdata,
                        ValidationCache& validation_cache,
                        std::vector<CScriptCheck>* pvChecks = nullptr)
-                       EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
+    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
 
 bool CheckFinalTxAtTip(const CBlockIndex& active_chain_tip, const CTransaction& tx)
 {
@@ -428,8 +428,10 @@ static bool CheckInputsFromMempoolAndCache(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationS
         }
     }
 
+    std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs{view.GetUnspentOutputs(tx)};
+
     // Call CheckInputScripts() to cache signature and script validity against current tip consensus rules.
-    return CheckInputScripts(tx, state, view, flags, /* cacheSigStore= */ true, /* cacheFullScriptStore= */ true, txdata, validation_cache);
+    return CheckInputScripts(tx, state, std::move(spent_outputs), flags, /* cacheSigStore= */ true, /* cacheFullScriptStore= */ true, txdata, validation_cache);
 }
 
 namespace {
@@ -873,8 +875,15 @@ bool MemPoolAccept::PreChecks(ATMPArgs& args, Workspace& ws)
         return state.Invalid(TxValidationResult::TX_PREMATURE_SPEND, "non-BIP68-final");
     }
 
+    // are the actual inputs available?
+    if (!m_view.HaveInputs(tx)) {
+        return state.Invalid(TxValidationResult::TX_MISSING_INPUTS, "bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent",
+                             strprintf("%s: inputs missing/spent", __func__));
+    }
+
     // The mempool holds txs for the next block, so pass height+1 to CheckTxInputs
-    if (!Consensus::CheckTxInputs(tx, state, m_view, m_active_chainstate.m_chain.Height() + 1, ws.m_base_fees)) {
+    auto coins{m_view.AccessCoins(tx)};
+    if (!Consensus::CheckTxInputs(tx, state, std::span{coins}, m_active_chainstate.m_chain.Height() + 1, ws.m_base_fees)) {
         return false; // state filled in by CheckTxInputs
     }
 
@@ -887,7 +896,7 @@ bool MemPoolAccept::PreChecks(ATMPArgs& args, Workspace& ws)
         return state.Invalid(TxValidationResult::TX_WITNESS_MUTATED, "bad-witness-nonstandard");
     }
 
-    int64_t nSigOpsCost = GetTransactionSigOpCost(tx, m_view, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS);
+    int64_t nSigOpsCost = GetTransactionSigOpCost(tx, std::span{coins}, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS);
 
     // Keep track of transactions that spend a coinbase, which we re-scan
     // during reorgs to ensure COINBASE_MATURITY is still met.
@@ -1233,15 +1242,17 @@ bool MemPoolAccept::PolicyScriptChecks(const ATMPArgs& args, Workspace& ws)
 
     constexpr unsigned int scriptVerifyFlags = STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS;
 
+    std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs{m_view.GetUnspentOutputs(tx)};
+
     // Check input scripts and signatures.
     // This is done last to help prevent CPU exhaustion denial-of-service attacks.
-    if (!CheckInputScripts(tx, state, m_view, scriptVerifyFlags, true, false, ws.m_precomputed_txdata, GetValidationCache())) {
+    if (!CheckInputScripts(tx, state, std::move(spent_outputs), scriptVerifyFlags, true, false, ws.m_precomputed_txdata, GetValidationCache())) {
         // SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK requires SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, so we
         // need to turn both off, and compare against just turning off CLEANSTACK
         // to see if the failure is specifically due to witness validation.
         TxValidationState state_dummy; // Want reported failures to be from first CheckInputScripts
-        if (!tx.HasWitness() && CheckInputScripts(tx, state_dummy, m_view, scriptVerifyFlags & ~(SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS | SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK), true, false, ws.m_precomputed_txdata, GetValidationCache()) &&
-                !CheckInputScripts(tx, state_dummy, m_view, scriptVerifyFlags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK, true, false, ws.m_precomputed_txdata, GetValidationCache())) {
+        if (!tx.HasWitness() && CheckInputScripts(tx, state_dummy, {}, scriptVerifyFlags & ~(SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS | SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK), true, false, ws.m_precomputed_txdata, GetValidationCache()) &&
+            !CheckInputScripts(tx, state_dummy, {}, scriptVerifyFlags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK, true, false, ws.m_precomputed_txdata, GetValidationCache())) {
             // Only the witness is missing, so the transaction itself may be fine.
             state.Invalid(TxValidationResult::TX_WITNESS_STRIPPED,
                     state.GetRejectReason(), state.GetDebugMessage());
@@ -2161,7 +2172,7 @@ ValidationCache::ValidationCache(const size_t script_execution_cache_bytes, cons
  * Non-static (and redeclared) in src/test/txvalidationcache_tests.cpp
  */
 bool CheckInputScripts(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state,
-                       const CCoinsViewCache& inputs, unsigned int flags, bool cacheSigStore,
+                       std::vector<CTxOut>&& spent_outputs, unsigned int flags, bool cacheSigStore,
                        bool cacheFullScriptStore, PrecomputedTransactionData& txdata,
                        ValidationCache& validation_cache,
                        std::vector<CScriptCheck>* pvChecks)
@@ -2186,15 +2197,6 @@ bool CheckInputScripts(const CTransaction& tx, TxValidationState& state,
     }
 
     if (!txdata.m_spent_outputs_ready) {
-        std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs;
-        spent_outputs.reserve(tx.vin.size());
-
-        for (const auto& txin : tx.vin) {
-            const COutPoint& prevout = txin.prevout;
-            const Coin& coin = inputs.AccessCoin(prevout);
-            assert(!coin.IsSpent());
-            spent_outputs.emplace_back(coin.out);
-        }
         txdata.Init(tx, std::move(spent_outputs));
     }
     assert(txdata.m_spent_outputs.size() == tx.vin.size());
@@ -2437,13 +2439,12 @@ static unsigned int GetBlockScriptFlags(const CBlockIndex& block_index, const Ch
 /** Apply the effects of this block (with given index) on the UTXO set represented by coins.
  *  Validity checks that depend on the UTXO set are also done; ConnectBlock()
  *  can fail if those validity checks fail (among other reasons). */
-bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex,
-                               CCoinsViewCache& view, bool fJustCheck)
+bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, const uint256& block_hash, const CBlockUndo& blockundo, BlockValidationState& state,
+                              CBlockIndex* pindex, bool fJustCheck)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     assert(pindex);
-
-    uint256 block_hash{block.GetHash()};
+    Assume(block.GetHash() == block_hash);
     assert(*pindex->phashBlock == block_hash);
     const bool parallel_script_checks{m_chainman.GetCheckQueue().HasThreads()};
 
@@ -2474,17 +2475,11 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
         return false;
     }
 
-    // verify that the view's current state corresponds to the previous block
-    uint256 hashPrevBlock = pindex->pprev == nullptr ? uint256() : pindex->pprev->GetBlockHash();
-    assert(hashPrevBlock == view.GetBestBlock());
-
     m_chainman.num_blocks_total++;
 
     // Special case for the genesis block, skipping connection of its transactions
     // (its coinbase is unspendable)
     if (block_hash == params.GetConsensus().hashGenesisBlock) {
-        if (!fJustCheck)
-            view.SetBestBlock(pindex->GetBlockHash());
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -2526,92 +2521,6 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
              Ticks<SecondsDouble>(m_chainman.time_check),
              Ticks<MillisecondsDouble>(m_chainman.time_check) / m_chainman.num_blocks_total);
 
-    // Do not allow blocks that contain transactions which 'overwrite' older transactions,
-    // unless those are already completely spent.
-    // If such overwrites are allowed, coinbases and transactions depending upon those
-    // can be duplicated to remove the ability to spend the first instance -- even after
-    // being sent to another address.
-    // See BIP30, CVE-2012-1909, and http://r6.ca/blog/20120206T005236Z.html for more information.
-    // This rule was originally applied to all blocks with a timestamp after March 15, 2012, 0:00 UTC.
-    // Now that the whole chain is irreversibly beyond that time it is applied to all blocks except the
-    // two in the chain that violate it. This prevents exploiting the issue against nodes during their
-    // initial block download.
-    bool fEnforceBIP30 = !IsBIP30Repeat(*pindex);
-
-    // Once BIP34 activated it was not possible to create new duplicate coinbases and thus other than starting
-    // with the 2 existing duplicate coinbase pairs, not possible to create overwriting txs.  But by the
-    // time BIP34 activated, in each of the existing pairs the duplicate coinbase had overwritten the first
-    // before the first had been spent.  Since those coinbases are sufficiently buried it's no longer possible to create further
-    // duplicate transactions descending from the known pairs either.
-    // If we're on the known chain at height greater than where BIP34 activated, we can save the db accesses needed for the BIP30 check.
-
-    // BIP34 requires that a block at height X (block X) has its coinbase
-    // scriptSig start with a CScriptNum of X (indicated height X).  The above
-    // logic of no longer requiring BIP30 once BIP34 activates is flawed in the
-    // case that there is a block X before the BIP34 height of 227,931 which has
-    // an indicated height Y where Y is greater than X.  The coinbase for block
-    // X would also be a valid coinbase for block Y, which could be a BIP30
-    // violation.  An exhaustive search of all mainnet coinbases before the
-    // BIP34 height which have an indicated height greater than the block height
-    // reveals many occurrences. The 3 lowest indicated heights found are
-    // 209,921, 490,897, and 1,983,702 and thus coinbases for blocks at these 3
-    // heights would be the first opportunity for BIP30 to be violated.
-
-    // The search reveals a great many blocks which have an indicated height
-    // greater than 1,983,702, so we simply remove the optimization to skip
-    // BIP30 checking for blocks at height 1,983,702 or higher.  Before we reach
-    // that block in another 25 years or so, we should take advantage of a
-    // future consensus change to do a new and improved version of BIP34 that
-    // will actually prevent ever creating any duplicate coinbases in the
-    // future.
-    static constexpr int BIP34_IMPLIES_BIP30_LIMIT = 1983702;
-
-    // There is no potential to create a duplicate coinbase at block 209,921
-    // because this is still before the BIP34 height and so explicit BIP30
-    // checking is still active.
-
-    // The final case is block 176,684 which has an indicated height of
-    // 490,897. Unfortunately, this issue was not discovered until about 2 weeks
-    // before block 490,897 so there was not much opportunity to address this
-    // case other than to carefully analyze it and determine it would not be a
-    // problem. Block 490,897 was, in fact, mined with a different coinbase than
-    // block 176,684, but it is important to note that even if it hadn't been or
-    // is remined on an alternate fork with a duplicate coinbase, we would still
-    // not run into a BIP30 violation.  This is because the coinbase for 176,684
-    // is spent in block 185,956 in transaction
-    // d4f7fbbf92f4a3014a230b2dc70b8058d02eb36ac06b4a0736d9d60eaa9e8781.  This
-    // spending transaction can't be duplicated because it also spends coinbase
-    // 0328dd85c331237f18e781d692c92de57649529bd5edf1d01036daea32ffde29.  This
-    // coinbase has an indicated height of over 4.2 billion, and wouldn't be
-    // duplicatable until that height, and it's currently impossible to create a
-    // chain that long. Nevertheless we may wish to consider a future soft fork
-    // which retroactively prevents block 490,897 from creating a duplicate
-    // coinbase. The two historical BIP30 violations often provide a confusing
-    // edge case when manipulating the UTXO and it would be simpler not to have
-    // another edge case to deal with.
-
-    // testnet3 has no blocks before the BIP34 height with indicated heights
-    // post BIP34 before approximately height 486,000,000. After block
-    // 1,983,702 testnet3 starts doing unnecessary BIP30 checking again.
-    assert(pindex->pprev);
-    CBlockIndex* pindexBIP34height = pindex->pprev->GetAncestor(params.GetConsensus().BIP34Height);
-    //Only continue to enforce if we're below BIP34 activation height or the block hash at that height doesn't correspond.
-    fEnforceBIP30 = fEnforceBIP30 && (!pindexBIP34height || !(pindexBIP34height->GetBlockHash() == params.GetConsensus().BIP34Hash));
-
-    // TODO: Remove BIP30 checking from block height 1,983,702 on, once we have a
-    // consensus change that ensures coinbases at those heights cannot
-    // duplicate earlier coinbases.
-    if (fEnforceBIP30 || pindex->nHeight >= BIP34_IMPLIES_BIP30_LIMIT) {
-        for (const auto& tx : block.vtx) {
-            for (size_t o = 0; o < tx->vout.size(); o++) {
-                if (view.HaveCoin(COutPoint(tx->GetHash(), o))) {
-                    state.Invalid(BlockValidationResult::BLOCK_CONSENSUS, "bad-txns-BIP30",
-                                  "tried to overwrite transaction");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     // Enforce BIP68 (sequence locks)
     int nLockTimeFlags = 0;
     if (DeploymentActiveAt(*pindex, m_chainman, Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_CSV)) {
@@ -2628,8 +2537,6 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
              Ticks<SecondsDouble>(m_chainman.time_forks),
              Ticks<MillisecondsDouble>(m_chainman.time_forks) / m_chainman.num_blocks_total);
 
-    CBlockUndo blockundo;
-
     // Precomputed transaction data pointers must not be invalidated
     // until after `control` has run the script checks (potentially
     // in multiple threads). Preallocate the vector size so a new allocation
@@ -2642,19 +2549,19 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
     CAmount nFees = 0;
     int nInputs = 0;
     int64_t nSigOpsCost = 0;
-    blockundo.vtxundo.reserve(block.vtx.size() - 1);
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < block.vtx.size(); i++)
     {
         if (!state.IsValid()) break;
         const CTransaction &tx = *(block.vtx[i]);
-
         nInputs += tx.vin.size();
 
         if (!tx.IsCoinBase())
         {
+            auto spent_coins = std::span<const Coin>{blockundo.vtxundo[i - 1].vprevout};
             CAmount txfee = 0;
             TxValidationState tx_state;
-            if (!Consensus::CheckTxInputs(tx, tx_state, view, pindex->nHeight, txfee)) {
+
+            if (!Consensus::CheckTxInputs(tx, tx_state, spent_coins, pindex->nHeight, txfee)) {
                 // Any transaction validation failure in ConnectBlock is a block consensus failure
                 state.Invalid(BlockValidationResult::BLOCK_CONSENSUS,
                               tx_state.GetRejectReason(),
@@ -2673,7 +2580,7 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
             // be in ConnectBlock because they require the UTXO set
             prevheights.resize(tx.vin.size());
             for (size_t j = 0; j < tx.vin.size(); j++) {
-                prevheights[j] = view.AccessCoin(tx.vin[j].prevout).nHeight;
+                prevheights[j] = spent_coins[j].nHeight;
             }
 
             if (!SequenceLocks(tx, nLockTimeFlags, prevheights, *pindex)) {
@@ -2687,7 +2594,12 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
         // * legacy (always)
         // * p2sh (when P2SH enabled in flags and excludes coinbase)
         // * witness (when witness enabled in flags and excludes coinbase)
-        nSigOpsCost += GetTransactionSigOpCost(tx, view, flags);
+        if (!tx.IsCoinBase()) {
+            nSigOpsCost += GetTransactionSigOpCost(tx, std::span<const Coin>{blockundo.vtxundo[i - 1].vprevout}, flags);
+        } else {
+            std::vector<Coin> coin;
+            nSigOpsCost += GetTransactionSigOpCost(tx, std::span<const Coin>{coin}, flags);
+        }
         if (nSigOpsCost > MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS_COST) {
             state.Invalid(BlockValidationResult::BLOCK_CONSENSUS, "bad-blk-sigops", "too many sigops");
             break;
@@ -2698,7 +2610,17 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
             std::vector<CScriptCheck> vChecks;
             bool fCacheResults = fJustCheck; /* Don't cache results if we're actually connecting blocks (still consult the cache, though) */
             TxValidationState tx_state;
-            if (fScriptChecks && !CheckInputScripts(tx, tx_state, view, flags, fCacheResults, fCacheResults, txsdata[i], m_chainman.m_validation_cache, parallel_script_checks ? &vChecks : nullptr)) {
+            const std::vector<Coin>& spent_coins = blockundo.vtxundo[i - 1].vprevout;
+
+            std::vector<CTxOut> spent_outputs;
+            spent_outputs.reserve(tx.vin.size());
+            std::transform(spent_coins.begin(), spent_coins.end(),
+                           std::back_inserter(spent_outputs),
+                           [](const Coin& coin) -> CTxOut {
+                               return coin.out; // Assuming Coin has a CTxOut member named 'out'
+                           });
+
+            if (fScriptChecks && !CheckInputScripts(tx, tx_state, std::move(spent_outputs), flags, fCacheResults, fCacheResults, txsdata[i], m_chainman.m_validation_cache, parallel_script_checks ? &vChecks : nullptr)) {
                 // Any transaction validation failure in ConnectBlock is a block consensus failure
                 state.Invalid(BlockValidationResult::BLOCK_CONSENSUS,
                               tx_state.GetRejectReason(), tx_state.GetDebugMessage());
@@ -2706,12 +2628,6 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
             }
             control.Add(std::move(vChecks));
         }
-
-        CTxUndo undoDummy;
-        if (i > 0) {
-            blockundo.vtxundo.emplace_back();
-        }
-        UpdateCoins(tx, view, i == 0 ? undoDummy : blockundo.vtxundo.back(), pindex->nHeight);
     }
     const auto time_3{SteadyClock::now()};
     m_chainman.time_connect += time_3 - time_2;
@@ -2763,9 +2679,6 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state,
         m_blockman.m_dirty_blockindex.insert(pindex);
     }
 
-    // add this block to the view's block chain
-    view.SetBestBlock(pindex->GetBlockHash());
-
     const auto time_6{SteadyClock::now()};
     m_chainman.time_index += time_6 - time_5;
     LogDebug(BCLog::BENCH, "    - Index writing: %.2fms [%.2fs (%.2fms/blk)]\n",
@@ -3006,6 +2919,154 @@ static void UpdateTipLog(
         !warning_messages.empty() ? strprintf(" warning='%s'", warning_messages) : "");
 }
 
+bool Chainstate::SpendBlock(
+    const CBlock& block,
+    const CBlockIndex* pindex,
+    const uint256& block_hash,
+    CCoinsViewCache& view,
+    BlockValidationState& state,
+    CBlockUndo& blockundo)
+{
+    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
+    assert(pindex);
+    Assume(block.GetHash() == block_hash);
+    assert(*pindex->phashBlock == block_hash);
+
+    const CChainParams& params{m_chainman.GetParams()};
+    // Special case for the genesis block, skipping connection of its transactions
+    // (its coinbase is unspendable)
+    if (block_hash == params.GetConsensus().hashGenesisBlock) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // verify that the view's current state corresponds to the previous block
+    uint256 hashPrevBlock = pindex->pprev == nullptr ? uint256() : pindex->pprev->GetBlockHash();
+    assert(hashPrevBlock == view.GetBestBlock());
+
+    const auto time_start{SteadyClock::now()};
+
+    // Do not allow blocks that contain transactions which 'overwrite' older transactions,
+    // unless those are already completely spent.
+    // If such overwrites are allowed, coinbases and transactions depending upon those
+    // can be duplicated to remove the ability to spend the first instance -- even after
+    // being sent to another address.
+    // See BIP30, CVE-2012-1909, and http://r6.ca/blog/20120206T005236Z.html for more information.
+    // This rule was originally applied to all blocks with a timestamp after March 15, 2012, 0:00 UTC.
+    // Now that the whole chain is irreversibly beyond that time it is applied to all blocks except the
+    // two in the chain that violate it. This prevents exploiting the issue against nodes during their
+    // initial block download.
+    bool fEnforceBIP30 = !IsBIP30Repeat(*pindex);
+
+    // Once BIP34 activated it was not possible to create new duplicate coinbases and thus other than starting
+    // with the 2 existing duplicate coinbase pairs, not possible to create overwriting txs.  But by the
+    // time BIP34 activated, in each of the existing pairs the duplicate coinbase had overwritten the first
+    // before the first had been spent.  Since those coinbases are sufficiently buried it's no longer possible to create further
+    // duplicate transactions descending from the known pairs either.
+    // If we're on the known chain at height greater than where BIP34 activated, we can save the db accesses needed for the BIP30 check.
+
+    // BIP34 requires that a block at height X (block X) has its coinbase
+    // scriptSig start with a CScriptNum of X (indicated height X).  The above
+    // logic of no longer requiring BIP30 once BIP34 activates is flawed in the
+    // case that there is a block X before the BIP34 height of 227,931 which has
+    // an indicated height Y where Y is greater than X.  The coinbase for block
+    // X would also be a valid coinbase for block Y, which could be a BIP30
+    // violation.  An exhaustive search of all mainnet coinbases before the
+    // BIP34 height which have an indicated height greater than the block height
+    // reveals many occurrences. The 3 lowest indicated heights found are
+    // 209,921, 490,897, and 1,983,702 and thus coinbases for blocks at these 3
+    // heights would be the first opportunity for BIP30 to be violated.
+
+    // The search reveals a great many blocks which have an indicated height
+    // greater than 1,983,702, so we simply remove the optimization to skip
+    // BIP30 checking for blocks at height 1,983,702 or higher.  Before we reach
+    // that block in another 25 years or so, we should take advantage of a
+    // future consensus change to do a new and improved version of BIP34 that
+    // will actually prevent ever creating any duplicate coinbases in the
+    // future.
+    static constexpr int BIP34_IMPLIES_BIP30_LIMIT = 1983702;
+
+    // There is no potential to create a duplicate coinbase at block 209,921
+    // because this is still before the BIP34 height and so explicit BIP30
+    // checking is still active.
+
+    // The final case is block 176,684 which has an indicated height of
+    // 490,897. Unfortunately, this issue was not discovered until about 2 weeks
+    // before block 490,897 so there was not much opportunity to address this
+    // case other than to carefully analyze it and determine it would not be a
+    // problem. Block 490,897 was, in fact, mined with a different coinbase than
+    // block 176,684, but it is important to note that even if it hadn't been or
+    // is remined on an alternate fork with a duplicate coinbase, we would still
+    // not run into a BIP30 violation.  This is because the coinbase for 176,684
+    // is spent in block 185,956 in transaction
+    // d4f7fbbf92f4a3014a230b2dc70b8058d02eb36ac06b4a0736d9d60eaa9e8781.  This
+    // spending transaction can't be duplicated because it also spends coinbase
+    // 0328dd85c331237f18e781d692c92de57649529bd5edf1d01036daea32ffde29.  This
+    // coinbase has an indicated height of over 4.2 billion, and wouldn't be
+    // duplicatable until that height, and it's currently impossible to create a
+    // chain that long. Nevertheless we may wish to consider a future soft fork
+    // which retroactively prevents block 490,897 from creating a duplicate
+    // coinbase. The two historical BIP30 violations often provide a confusing
+    // edge case when manipulating the UTXO and it would be simpler not to have
+    // another edge case to deal with.
+
+    // testnet3 has no blocks before the BIP34 height with indicated heights
+    // post BIP34 before approximately height 486,000,000. After block
+    // 1,983,702 testnet3 starts doing unnecessary BIP30 checking again.
+    assert(pindex->pprev);
+    CBlockIndex* pindexBIP34height = pindex->pprev->GetAncestor(params.GetConsensus().BIP34Height);
+    //Only continue to enforce if we're below BIP34 activation height or the block hash at that height doesn't correspond.
+    fEnforceBIP30 = fEnforceBIP30 && (!pindexBIP34height || !(pindexBIP34height->GetBlockHash() == params.GetConsensus().BIP34Hash));
+
+    // TODO: Remove BIP30 checking from block height 1,983,702 on, once we have a
+    // consensus change that ensures coinbases at those heights cannot
+    // duplicate earlier coinbases.
+    if (fEnforceBIP30 || pindex->nHeight >= BIP34_IMPLIES_BIP30_LIMIT) {
+        for (const auto& tx : block.vtx) {
+            for (size_t o = 0; o < tx->vout.size(); o++) {
+                if (view.HaveCoin(COutPoint(tx->GetHash(), o))) {
+                    return state.Invalid(BlockValidationResult::BLOCK_CONSENSUS, "bad-txns-BIP30",
+                                  "tried to overwrite transaction");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    int nInputs = 0;
+
+    blockundo.vtxundo.reserve(block.vtx.size() - 1);
+    for (const CTransactionRef& tx : block.vtx) {
+        nInputs += tx->vin.size();
+        // are the actual inputs available?
+        if (!view.HaveInputs(*tx)) {
+            state.Invalid(BlockValidationResult::BLOCK_CONSENSUS, "bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent",
+                          strprintf("%s: inputs missing/spent in transaction %s", __func__, tx->GetHash().ToString()));
+            break;
+        }
+        if (!tx->IsCoinBase()) {
+            blockundo.vtxundo.emplace_back();
+        }
+        CTxUndo dummy;
+        UpdateCoins(*tx, view, tx->IsCoinBase() ? dummy : blockundo.vtxundo.back(), pindex->nHeight);
+    }
+
+    const auto time_1{SteadyClock::now()};
+    m_chainman.time_check += time_1 - time_start;
+    LogDebug(BCLog::BENCH, "      - Spend Block processed %u transactions: %.2fms (%.3fms/tx, %.3fms/txin) [%.2fs (%.2fms/blk)]\n", (unsigned)block.vtx.size(),
+             Ticks<MillisecondsDouble>(time_1 - time_start),
+             block.vtx.size() == 0 ? 0 : Ticks<MillisecondsDouble>(time_1 - time_start) / block.vtx.size(),
+             nInputs <= 1 ? 0 : Ticks<MillisecondsDouble>(time_1 - time_start) / (nInputs - 1),
+             Ticks<SecondsDouble>(m_chainman.time_connect),
+             m_chainman.num_blocks_total == 0 ? 0 : Ticks<MillisecondsDouble>(m_chainman.time_connect) / m_chainman.num_blocks_total);
+
+    if (!state.IsValid()) {
+        LogInfo("Block validation error: %s", state.ToString());
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    assert(blockundo.vtxundo.size() == block.vtx.size() - 1);
+    return true;
+}
+
 void Chainstate::UpdateTip(const CBlockIndex* pindexNew)
 {
     AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
@@ -3197,7 +3258,18 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindexNew,
              Ticks<MillisecondsDouble>(time_2 - time_1));
     {
         CCoinsViewCache view(&CoinsTip());
-        bool rv = ConnectBlock(blockConnecting, state, pindexNew, view);
+        CBlockUndo blockundo;
+        const auto block_hash{blockConnecting.GetHash()};
+        if (!SpendBlock(blockConnecting, pindexNew, block_hash, view, state, blockundo)) {
+            assert(state.IsInvalid());
+            if (m_chainman.m_options.signals) {
+                m_chainman.m_options.signals->BlockChecked(blockConnecting, state);
+            }
+            InvalidBlockFound(pindexNew, state);
+            LogError("%s: SpendBlock %s failed, %s\n", __func__, pindexNew->GetBlockHash().ToString(), state.ToString());
+            return false;
+        }
+        bool rv = ConnectBlock(blockConnecting, block_hash, blockundo, state, pindexNew);
         if (m_chainman.m_options.signals) {
             m_chainman.m_options.signals->BlockChecked(blockConnecting, state);
         }
@@ -3207,6 +3279,8 @@ bool Chainstate::ConnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindexNew,
             LogError("%s: ConnectBlock %s failed, %s\n", __func__, pindexNew->GetBlockHash().ToString(), state.ToString());
             return false;
         }
+        // add this block to the view's block chain
+        view.SetBestBlock(block_hash);
         time_3 = SteadyClock::now();
         m_chainman.time_connect_total += time_3 - time_2;
         assert(m_chainman.num_blocks_total > 0);
@@ -4678,7 +4752,11 @@ bool TestBlockValidity(BlockValidationState& state,
         LogError("%s: Consensus::ContextualCheckBlock: %s\n", __func__, state.ToString());
         return false;
     }
-    if (!chainstate.ConnectBlock(block, state, &indexDummy, viewNew, true)) {
+    CBlockUndo blockundo;
+    if (!chainstate.SpendBlock(block, &indexDummy, block_hash, viewNew, state, blockundo)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!chainstate.ConnectBlock(block, block_hash, blockundo, state, &indexDummy, true)) {
         return false;
     }
     assert(state.IsValid());
@@ -4862,10 +4940,18 @@ VerifyDBResult CVerifyDB::VerifyDB(
                 LogPrintf("Verification error: ReadBlock failed at %d, hash=%s\n", pindex->nHeight, pindex->GetBlockHash().ToString());
                 return VerifyDBResult::CORRUPTED_BLOCK_DB;
             }
-            if (!chainstate.ConnectBlock(block, state, pindex, coins)) {
+            CBlockUndo blockundo;
+            const auto block_hash{block.GetHash()};
+            if (!chainstate.SpendBlock(block, pindex, block_hash, coins, state, blockundo)) {
+                LogError("SpendBlock failed %s\n", state.ToString());
+                return VerifyDBResult::CORRUPTED_BLOCK_DB;
+            }
+
+            if (!chainstate.ConnectBlock(block, block_hash, blockundo, state, pindex)) {
                 LogPrintf("Verification error: found unconnectable block at %d, hash=%s (%s)\n", pindex->nHeight, pindex->GetBlockHash().ToString(), state.ToString());
                 return VerifyDBResult::CORRUPTED_BLOCK_DB;
             }
+            coins.SetBestBlock(block_hash);
             if (chainstate.m_chainman.m_interrupt) return VerifyDBResult::INTERRUPTED;
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/validation.h b/src/validation.h
index e361c7af101..118cf032056 100644
--- a/src/validation.h
+++ b/src/validation.h
@@ -706,8 +706,36 @@ public:
     // Block (dis)connection on a given view:
     DisconnectResult DisconnectBlock(const CBlock& block, const CBlockIndex* pindex, CCoinsViewCache& view)
         EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
-    bool ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, BlockValidationState& state, CBlockIndex* pindex,
-                      CCoinsViewCache& view, bool fJustCheck = false) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the block against the coins in the blockundo data, writes the
+     * undo data, and raises the block validity in the block index.
+     *
+     * @param[in] block       The block to be validated
+     * @param[in] block_hash  Hash of block
+     * @param[in] blockundo   Has to contain all coins spent by block. Written to disk on successful validation
+     * @param[out] state      This may be set to an Error state if any error occurred validating block
+     * @param[out] pindex     Points to the block map entry associated with block. On successful validation, raises the block validity
+     * @param[in] fJustCheck  If set, no data is written to disk and pindex's validity is not raised
+     */
+    bool ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, const uint256& block_hash, const CBlockUndo& blockundo, BlockValidationState& state,
+                      CBlockIndex* pindex, bool fJustCheck = false) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
+
+    /**
+     * Spends the coins associated with a block. First checks that the block
+     * contains no duplicate transactions (BIP30), then for each transaction in
+     * the block checks that the outputs it is spending exist, spends them, and
+     * populates the CBlockUndo data structure.
+     *
+     * @param[in] block      The block to be spent
+     * @param[in] pindex     Points to the block map entry associated with block
+     * @param[in] block_hash Hash of block
+     * @param[out] view      Its coins are spent and used to populate CBlockUndo during its execution
+     * @param[out] state     This may be set to an Error state if any error occurred processing them
+     * @param[out] blockundo Coins consumed by the block are added to it.
+     */
+    bool SpendBlock(const CBlock& block, const CBlockIndex* pindex, const uint256& block_hash,
+                    CCoinsViewCache& view, BlockValidationState& state, CBlockUndo& blockundo) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
 
     // Apply the effects of a block disconnection on the UTXO set.
     bool DisconnectTip(BlockValidationState& state, DisconnectedBlockTransactions* disconnectpool) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main, m_mempool->cs);