optimization: bulk serialization reads in UndoRead, ReadBlock

The obfuscation (XOR) operations are currently done byte-by-byte during serialization. Buffering the reads will enable batching the obfuscation operations later.

Different operating systems handle file caching differently, so reading larger batches (and processing them from memory) is measurably faster, likely because of fewer native fread calls and reduced lock contention.

Note that `ReadRawBlock` doesn't need buffering since it already reads the whole block directly.
Unlike `ReadBlockUndo`, the new `ReadBlock` implementation delegates to `ReadRawBlock`, which uses more memory than a buffered alternative but results in slightly simpler code and a small performance increase (~0.4%). This approach also clearly documents that `ReadRawBlock` is a logical subset of `ReadBlock` functionality.

The current implementation, which iterates over a fixed-size buffer, provides a more general alternative to Cory Fields' solution of reading the entire block size in advance.

Buffer sizes were selected based on benchmarking to ensure the buffered reader produces performance similar to reading the whole block into memory. Smaller buffers were slower, while larger ones showed diminishing returns.

------

> macOS Sequoia 15.3.1
> C++ compiler .......................... Clang 19.1.7
> cmake -B build -DBUILD_BENCH=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ && cmake --build build -j$(nproc) && build/bin/bench_bitcoin -filter='ReadBlockBench' -min-time=10000

Before:

|               ns/op |                op/s |    err% |     total | benchmark
|--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
|        2,271,441.67 |              440.25 |    0.1% |     11.00 | `ReadBlockBench`

After:

|               ns/op |                op/s |    err% |     total | benchmark
|--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
|        1,738,971.29 |              575.05 |    0.2% |     10.97 | `ReadBlockBench`

------

> Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
> C++ compiler .......................... GNU 13.3.0
> cmake -B build -DBUILD_BENCH=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ && cmake --build build -j$(nproc) && build/bin/bench_bitcoin -filter='ReadBlockBench' -min-time=20000

Before:

|               ns/op |                op/s |    err% |          ins/op |          cyc/op |    IPC |         bra/op |   miss% |     total | benchmark
|--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------------:|----------------:|-------:|---------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
|        6,895,987.11 |              145.01 |    0.0% |   71,055,269.86 |   23,977,374.37 |  2.963 |   5,074,828.78 |    0.4% |     22.00 | `ReadBlockBench`

After:

|               ns/op |                op/s |    err% |          ins/op |          cyc/op |    IPC |         bra/op |   miss% |     total | benchmark
|--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------------:|----------------:|-------:|---------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
|        5,771,882.71 |              173.25 |    0.0% |   65,741,889.82 |   20,453,232.33 |  3.214 |   3,971,321.75 |    0.3% |     22.01 | `ReadBlockBench`

Co-authored-by: maflcko <6399679+maflcko@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Ryan Ofsky <ryan@ofsky.org>
Co-authored-by: Martin Leitner-Ankerl <martin.ankerl@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Cory Fields <cory-nospam-@coryfields.com>

src/node/blockstorage.cpp

@@ -660,11 +660,12 @@ bool BlockManager::ReadBlockUndo(CBlockUndo& blockundo, const CBlockIndex& index
     const FlatFilePos pos{WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return index.GetUndoPos())};
 
     // Open history file to read
-    AutoFile filein{OpenUndoFile(pos, true)};
-    if (filein.IsNull()) {
+    AutoFile file{OpenUndoFile(pos, true)};
+    if (file.IsNull()) {
         LogError("OpenUndoFile failed for %s while reading block undo", pos.ToString());
         return false;
     }
+    BufferedReader filein{std::move(file)};
 
     try {
         // Read block
@@ -996,15 +997,14 @@ bool BlockManager::ReadBlock(CBlock& block, const FlatFilePos& pos) const
     block.SetNull();
 
     // Open history file to read
-    AutoFile filein{OpenBlockFile(pos, /*fReadOnly=*/true)};
-    if (filein.IsNull()) {
-        LogError("OpenBlockFile failed for %s while reading block", pos.ToString());
+    std::vector<uint8_t> block_data;
+    if (!ReadRawBlock(block_data, pos)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     try {
         // Read block
-        filein >> TX_WITH_WITNESS(block);
+        SpanReader{block_data} >> TX_WITH_WITNESS(block);
     } catch (const std::exception& e) {
         LogError("Deserialize or I/O error - %s at %s while reading block", e.what(), pos.ToString());
         return false;

src/streams.h

@@ -467,6 +467,8 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+using DataBuffer = std::vector<std::byte>;
+
 /** Wrapper around an AutoFile& that implements a ring buffer to
  *  deserialize from. It guarantees the ability to rewind a given number of bytes.
  *
@@ -481,7 +483,7 @@ private:
     uint64_t m_read_pos{0}; //!< how many bytes have been read from this
     uint64_t nReadLimit;  //!< up to which position we're allowed to read
     uint64_t nRewind;     //!< how many bytes we guarantee to rewind
-    std::vector<std::byte> vchBuf; //!< the buffer
+    DataBuffer vchBuf;
 
     //! read data from the source to fill the buffer
     bool Fill() {
@@ -614,4 +616,46 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+/**
+ * Wrapper that buffers reads from an underlying stream.
+ * Requires underlying stream to support read() and detail_fread() calls
+ * to support fixed-size and variable-sized reads, respectively.
+ */
+template <typename S>
+class BufferedReader
+{
+    S& m_src;
+    DataBuffer m_buf;
+    size_t m_buf_pos;
+
+public:
+    //! Requires stream ownership to prevent leaving the stream at an unexpected position after buffered reads.
+    explicit BufferedReader(S&& stream LIFETIMEBOUND, size_t size = 1 << 16)
+        requires std::is_rvalue_reference_v<S&&>
+        : m_src{stream}, m_buf(size), m_buf_pos{size} {}
+
+    void read(std::span<std::byte> dst)
+    {
+        if (const auto available{std::min(dst.size(), m_buf.size() - m_buf_pos)}) {
+            std::copy_n(m_buf.begin() + m_buf_pos, available, dst.begin());
+            m_buf_pos += available;
+            dst = dst.subspan(available);
+        }
+        if (dst.size()) {
+            assert(m_buf_pos == m_buf.size());
+            m_src.read(dst);
+
+            m_buf_pos = 0;
+            m_buf.resize(m_src.detail_fread(m_buf));
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    BufferedReader& operator>>(T&& obj)
+    {
+        Unserialize(*this, obj);
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
 #endif // BITCOIN_STREAMS_H

src/test/streams_tests.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
+#include <flatfile.h>
+#include <node/blockstorage.h>
 #include <streams.h>
 #include <test/util/random.h>
 #include <test/util/setup_common.h>
@@ -553,6 +555,58 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(streams_buffered_file_rand)
     fs::remove(streams_test_filename);
 }
 
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(buffered_reader_matches_autofile_random_content)
+{
+    const size_t file_size{1 + m_rng.randrange<size_t>(1 << 17)};
+    const size_t buf_size{1 + m_rng.randrange(file_size)};
+    const FlatFilePos pos{0, 0};
+
+    const FlatFileSeq test_file{m_args.GetDataDirBase(), "buffered_file_test_random", node::BLOCKFILE_CHUNK_SIZE};
+    const std::vector obfuscation{m_rng.randbytes<std::byte>(8)};
+
+    // Write out the file with random content
+    {
+        AutoFile{test_file.Open(pos, /*read_only=*/false), obfuscation}.write(m_rng.randbytes<std::byte>(file_size));
+    }
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(fs::file_size(test_file.FileName(pos)), file_size);
+
+    {
+        AutoFile direct_file{test_file.Open(pos, /*read_only=*/true), obfuscation};
+
+        AutoFile buffered_file{test_file.Open(pos, /*read_only=*/true), obfuscation};
+        BufferedReader buffered_reader{std::move(buffered_file), buf_size};
+
+        for (size_t total_read{0}; total_read < file_size;) {
+            const size_t read{Assert(std::min(1 + m_rng.randrange(m_rng.randbool() ? buf_size : 2 * buf_size), file_size - total_read))};
+
+            DataBuffer direct_file_buffer{read};
+            direct_file.read(direct_file_buffer);
+
+            DataBuffer buffered_buffer{read};
+            buffered_reader.read(buffered_buffer);
+
+            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(
+                direct_file_buffer.begin(), direct_file_buffer.end(),
+                buffered_buffer.begin(), buffered_buffer.end()
+            );
+
+            total_read += read;
+        }
+
+        {
+            DataBuffer excess_byte{1};
+            BOOST_CHECK_EXCEPTION(direct_file.read(excess_byte), std::ios_base::failure, HasReason{"end of file"});
+        }
+
+        {
+            DataBuffer excess_byte{1};
+            BOOST_CHECK_EXCEPTION(buffered_reader.read(excess_byte), std::ios_base::failure, HasReason{"end of file"});
+        }
+    }
+
+    fs::remove(test_file.FileName(pos));
+}
+
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(streams_hashed)
 {
     DataStream stream{};