bitcoin/src/test/util_tests.cpp

// Copyright (c) 2011-2019 The Bitcoin Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

#include <util/system.h>

#include <clientversion.h>
#include <optional.h>
#include <sync.h>
#include <test/util/setup_common.h>
#include <test/util.h>
#include <util/moneystr.h>
#include <util/strencodings.h>
#include <util/string.h>
#include <util/time.h>
#include <util/spanparsing.h>
#include <util/vector.h>

#include <stdint.h>
#include <thread>
#include <univalue.h>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#ifndef WIN32
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#endif

#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>

/* defined in logging.cpp */
namespace BCLog {
    std::string LogEscapeMessage(const std::string& str);
}

BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(util_tests, BasicTestingSetup)

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_criticalsection)
{
    CCriticalSection cs;

    do {
        LOCK(cs);
        break;

        BOOST_ERROR("break was swallowed!");
    } while(0);

    do {
        TRY_LOCK(cs, lockTest);
        if (lockTest) {
            BOOST_CHECK(true); // Needed to suppress "Test case [...] did not check any assertions"
            break;
        }

        BOOST_ERROR("break was swallowed!");
    } while(0);
}

static const unsigned char ParseHex_expected[65] = {
    0x04, 0x67, 0x8a, 0xfd, 0xb0, 0xfe, 0x55, 0x48, 0x27, 0x19, 0x67, 0xf1, 0xa6, 0x71, 0x30, 0xb7,
    0x10, 0x5c, 0xd6, 0xa8, 0x28, 0xe0, 0x39, 0x09, 0xa6, 0x79, 0x62, 0xe0, 0xea, 0x1f, 0x61, 0xde,
    0xb6, 0x49, 0xf6, 0xbc, 0x3f, 0x4c, 0xef, 0x38, 0xc4, 0xf3, 0x55, 0x04, 0xe5, 0x1e, 0xc1, 0x12,
    0xde, 0x5c, 0x38, 0x4d, 0xf7, 0xba, 0x0b, 0x8d, 0x57, 0x8a, 0x4c, 0x70, 0x2b, 0x6b, 0xf1, 0x1d,
    0x5f
};
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_ParseHex)
{
    std::vector<unsigned char> result;
    std::vector<unsigned char> expected(ParseHex_expected, ParseHex_expected + sizeof(ParseHex_expected));
    // Basic test vector
    result = ParseHex("04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(result.begin(), result.end(), expected.begin(), expected.end());

    // Spaces between bytes must be supported
    result = ParseHex("12 34 56 78");
    BOOST_CHECK(result.size() == 4 && result[0] == 0x12 && result[1] == 0x34 && result[2] == 0x56 && result[3] == 0x78);

    // Leading space must be supported (used in BerkeleyEnvironment::Salvage)
    result = ParseHex(" 89 34 56 78");
    BOOST_CHECK(result.size() == 4 && result[0] == 0x89 && result[1] == 0x34 && result[2] == 0x56 && result[3] == 0x78);

    // Stop parsing at invalid value
    result = ParseHex("1234 invalid 1234");
    BOOST_CHECK(result.size() == 2 && result[0] == 0x12 && result[1] == 0x34);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_HexStr)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(ParseHex_expected, ParseHex_expected + sizeof(ParseHex_expected)),
        "04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f");

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(ParseHex_expected + sizeof(ParseHex_expected),
               ParseHex_expected + sizeof(ParseHex_expected)),
        "");

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(ParseHex_expected, ParseHex_expected),
        "");

    std::vector<unsigned char> ParseHex_vec(ParseHex_expected, ParseHex_expected + 5);

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(ParseHex_vec.rbegin(), ParseHex_vec.rend()),
        "b0fd8a6704"
    );

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected),
               std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected)),
        ""
    );

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected + 1),
               std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected)),
        "04"
    );

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected + 5),
               std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected)),
        "b0fd8a6704"
    );

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
        HexStr(std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected + 65),
               std::reverse_iterator<const uint8_t *>(ParseHex_expected)),
        "5f1df16b2b704c8a578d0bbaf74d385cde12c11ee50455f3c438ef4c3fbcf649b6de611feae06279a60939e028a8d65c10b73071a6f16719274855feb0fd8a6704"
    );
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_Join)
{
    // Normal version
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Join({}, ", "), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Join({"foo"}, ", "), "foo");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Join({"foo", "bar"}, ", "), "foo, bar");

    // Version with unary operator
    const auto op_upper = [](const std::string& s) { return ToUpper(s); };
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Join<std::string>({}, ", ", op_upper), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Join<std::string>({"foo"}, ", ", op_upper), "FOO");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Join<std::string>({"foo", "bar"}, ", ", op_upper), "FOO, BAR");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_FormatParseISO8601DateTime)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatISO8601DateTime(1317425777), "2011-09-30T23:36:17Z");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatISO8601DateTime(0), "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z");

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ParseISO8601DateTime("1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"), 0);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ParseISO8601DateTime("1960-01-01T00:00:00Z"), 0);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ParseISO8601DateTime("2011-09-30T23:36:17Z"), 1317425777);

    auto time = GetSystemTimeInSeconds();
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ParseISO8601DateTime(FormatISO8601DateTime(time)), time);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_FormatISO8601Date)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatISO8601Date(1317425777), "2011-09-30");
}

struct TestArgsManager : public ArgsManager
{
    TestArgsManager() { m_network_only_args.clear(); }
    void ReadConfigString(const std::string str_config)
    {
        std::istringstream streamConfig(str_config);
        {
            LOCK(cs_args);
            m_settings.ro_config.clear();
            m_config_sections.clear();
        }
        std::string error;
        BOOST_REQUIRE(ReadConfigStream(streamConfig, "", error));
    }
    void SetNetworkOnlyArg(const std::string arg)
    {
        LOCK(cs_args);
        m_network_only_args.insert(arg);
    }
    void SetupArgs(const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, unsigned int>>& args)
    {
        for (const auto& arg : args) {
            AddArg(arg.first, "", arg.second, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
        }
    }
    using ArgsManager::GetSetting;
    using ArgsManager::GetSettingsList;
    using ArgsManager::ReadConfigStream;
    using ArgsManager::cs_args;
    using ArgsManager::m_network;
    using ArgsManager::m_settings;
};

//! Test GetSetting and GetArg type coercion, negation, and default value handling.
class CheckValueTest : public TestChain100Setup
{
public:
    struct Expect {
        util::SettingsValue setting;
        bool default_string = false;
        bool default_int = false;
        bool default_bool = false;
        const char* string_value = nullptr;
        Optional<int64_t> int_value;
        Optional<bool> bool_value;
        Optional<std::vector<std::string>> list_value;
        const char* error = nullptr;

        Expect(util::SettingsValue s) : setting(std::move(s)) {}
        Expect& DefaultString() { default_string = true; return *this; }
        Expect& DefaultInt() { default_int = true; return *this; }
        Expect& DefaultBool() { default_bool = true; return *this; }
        Expect& String(const char* s) { string_value = s; return *this; }
        Expect& Int(int64_t i) { int_value = i; return *this; }
        Expect& Bool(bool b) { bool_value = b; return *this; }
        Expect& List(std::vector<std::string> m) { list_value = std::move(m); return *this; }
        Expect& Error(const char* e) { error = e; return *this; }
    };

    void CheckValue(unsigned int flags, const char* arg, const Expect& expect)
    {
        TestArgsManager test;
        test.SetupArgs({{"-value", flags}});
        const char* argv[] = {"ignored", arg};
        std::string error;
        bool success = test.ParseParameters(arg ? 2 : 1, (char**)argv, error);

        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetSetting("-value").write(), expect.setting.write());
        auto settings_list = test.GetSettingsList("-value");
        if (expect.setting.isNull() || expect.setting.isFalse()) {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(settings_list.size(), 0);
        } else {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(settings_list.size(), 1);
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(settings_list[0].write(), expect.setting.write());
        }

        if (expect.error) {
            BOOST_CHECK(!success);
            BOOST_CHECK_NE(error.find(expect.error), std::string::npos);
        } else {
            BOOST_CHECK(success);
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(error, "");
        }

        if (expect.default_string) {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetArg("-value", "zzzzz"), "zzzzz");
        } else if (expect.string_value) {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetArg("-value", "zzzzz"), expect.string_value);
        } else {
            BOOST_CHECK(!success);
        }

        if (expect.default_int) {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetArg("-value", 99999), 99999);
        } else if (expect.int_value) {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetArg("-value", 99999), *expect.int_value);
        } else {
            BOOST_CHECK(!success);
        }

        if (expect.default_bool) {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetBoolArg("-value", false), false);
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetBoolArg("-value", true), true);
        } else if (expect.bool_value) {
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetBoolArg("-value", false), *expect.bool_value);
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetBoolArg("-value", true), *expect.bool_value);
        } else {
            BOOST_CHECK(!success);
        }

        if (expect.list_value) {
            auto l = test.GetArgs("-value");
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(l.begin(), l.end(), expect.list_value->begin(), expect.list_value->end());
        } else {
            BOOST_CHECK(!success);
        }
    }
};

BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(util_CheckValue, CheckValueTest)
{
    using M = ArgsManager;

    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, nullptr, Expect{{}}.DefaultString().DefaultInt().DefaultBool().List({}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-novalue", Expect{false}.String("0").Int(0).Bool(false).List({}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-novalue=", Expect{false}.String("0").Int(0).Bool(false).List({}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-novalue=0", Expect{true}.String("1").Int(1).Bool(true).List({"1"}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-novalue=1", Expect{false}.String("0").Int(0).Bool(false).List({}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-novalue=2", Expect{false}.String("0").Int(0).Bool(false).List({}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-novalue=abc", Expect{true}.String("1").Int(1).Bool(true).List({"1"}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-value", Expect{""}.String("").Int(0).Bool(true).List({""}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-value=", Expect{""}.String("").Int(0).Bool(true).List({""}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-value=0", Expect{"0"}.String("0").Int(0).Bool(false).List({"0"}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-value=1", Expect{"1"}.String("1").Int(1).Bool(true).List({"1"}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-value=2", Expect{"2"}.String("2").Int(2).Bool(true).List({"2"}));
    CheckValue(M::ALLOW_ANY, "-value=abc", Expect{"abc"}.String("abc").Int(0).Bool(false).List({"abc"}));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_ParseParameters)
{
    TestArgsManager testArgs;
    const auto a = std::make_pair("-a", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY);
    const auto b = std::make_pair("-b", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY);
    const auto ccc = std::make_pair("-ccc", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY);
    const auto d = std::make_pair("-d", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY);

    const char *argv_test[] = {"-ignored", "-a", "-b", "-ccc=argument", "-ccc=multiple", "f", "-d=e"};

    std::string error;
    LOCK(testArgs.cs_args);
    testArgs.SetupArgs({a, b, ccc, d});
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.ParseParameters(0, (char**)argv_test, error));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.empty() && testArgs.m_settings.ro_config.empty());

    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.ParseParameters(1, (char**)argv_test, error));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.empty() && testArgs.m_settings.ro_config.empty());

    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.ParseParameters(7, (char**)argv_test, error));
    // expectation: -ignored is ignored (program name argument),
    // -a, -b and -ccc end up in map, -d ignored because it is after
    // a non-option argument (non-GNU option parsing)
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.size() == 3 && testArgs.m_settings.ro_config.empty());
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.IsArgSet("-a") && testArgs.IsArgSet("-b") && testArgs.IsArgSet("-ccc")
                && !testArgs.IsArgSet("f") && !testArgs.IsArgSet("-d"));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.count("a") && testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.count("b") && testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.count("ccc")
                && !testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.count("f") && !testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.count("d"));

    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["a"].size() == 1);
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["a"].front().get_str() == "");
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["ccc"].size() == 2);
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["ccc"].front().get_str() == "argument");
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["ccc"].back().get_str() == "multiple");
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArgs("-ccc").size() == 2);
}

static void TestParse(const std::string& str, bool expected_bool, int64_t expected_int)
{
    TestArgsManager test;
    test.SetupArgs({{"-value", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY}});
    std::string arg = "-value=" + str;
    const char* argv[] = {"ignored", arg.c_str()};
    std::string error;
    BOOST_CHECK(test.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv, error));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetBoolArg("-value", false), expected_bool);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetBoolArg("-value", true), expected_bool);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetArg("-value", 99998), expected_int);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test.GetArg("-value", 99999), expected_int);
}

// Test bool and int parsing.
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_ArgParsing)
{
    // Some of these cases could be ambiguous or surprising to users, and might
    // be worth triggering errors or warnings in the future. But for now basic
    // test coverage is useful to avoid breaking backwards compatibility
    // unintentionally.
    TestParse("", true, 0);
    TestParse(" ", false, 0);
    TestParse("0", false, 0);
    TestParse("0 ", false, 0);
    TestParse(" 0", false, 0);
    TestParse("+0", false, 0);
    TestParse("-0", false, 0);
    TestParse("5", true, 5);
    TestParse("5 ", true, 5);
    TestParse(" 5", true, 5);
    TestParse("+5", true, 5);
    TestParse("-5", true, -5);
    TestParse("0 5", false, 0);
    TestParse("5 0", true, 5);
    TestParse("050", true, 50);
    TestParse("0.", false, 0);
    TestParse("5.", true, 5);
    TestParse("0.0", false, 0);
    TestParse("0.5", false, 0);
    TestParse("5.0", true, 5);
    TestParse("5.5", true, 5);
    TestParse("x", false, 0);
    TestParse("x0", false, 0);
    TestParse("x5", false, 0);
    TestParse("0x", false, 0);
    TestParse("5x", true, 5);
    TestParse("0x5", false, 0);
    TestParse("false", false, 0);
    TestParse("true", false, 0);
    TestParse("yes", false, 0);
    TestParse("no", false, 0);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_GetBoolArg)
{
    TestArgsManager testArgs;
    const auto a = std::make_pair("-a", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto b = std::make_pair("-b", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto c = std::make_pair("-c", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto d = std::make_pair("-d", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto e = std::make_pair("-e", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto f = std::make_pair("-f", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);

    const char *argv_test[] = {
        "ignored", "-a", "-nob", "-c=0", "-d=1", "-e=false", "-f=true"};
    std::string error;
    LOCK(testArgs.cs_args);
    testArgs.SetupArgs({a, b, c, d, e, f});
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.ParseParameters(7, (char**)argv_test, error));

    // Each letter should be set.
    for (const char opt : "abcdef")
        BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.IsArgSet({'-', opt}) || !opt);

    // Nothing else should be in the map
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.size() == 6 &&
                testArgs.m_settings.ro_config.empty());

    // The -no prefix should get stripped on the way in.
    BOOST_CHECK(!testArgs.IsArgSet("-nob"));

    // The -b option is flagged as negated, and nothing else is
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.IsArgNegated("-b"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!testArgs.IsArgNegated("-a"));

    // Check expected values.
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetBoolArg("-a", false) == true);
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetBoolArg("-b", true) == false);
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetBoolArg("-c", true) == false);
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetBoolArg("-d", false) == true);
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetBoolArg("-e", true) == false);
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetBoolArg("-f", true) == false);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_GetBoolArgEdgeCases)
{
    // Test some awful edge cases that hopefully no user will ever exercise.
    TestArgsManager testArgs;

    // Params test
    const auto foo = std::make_pair("-foo", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto bar = std::make_pair("-bar", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const char *argv_test[] = {"ignored", "-nofoo", "-foo", "-nobar=0"};
    testArgs.SetupArgs({foo, bar});
    std::string error;
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.ParseParameters(4, (char**)argv_test, error));

    // This was passed twice, second one overrides the negative setting.
    BOOST_CHECK(!testArgs.IsArgNegated("-foo"));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArg("-foo", "xxx") == "");

    // A double negative is a positive, and not marked as negated.
    BOOST_CHECK(!testArgs.IsArgNegated("-bar"));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArg("-bar", "xxx") == "1");

    // Config test
    const char *conf_test = "nofoo=1\nfoo=1\nnobar=0\n";
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.ParseParameters(1, (char**)argv_test, error));
    testArgs.ReadConfigString(conf_test);

    // This was passed twice, second one overrides the negative setting,
    // and the value.
    BOOST_CHECK(!testArgs.IsArgNegated("-foo"));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArg("-foo", "xxx") == "1");

    // A double negative is a positive, and does not count as negated.
    BOOST_CHECK(!testArgs.IsArgNegated("-bar"));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArg("-bar", "xxx") == "1");

    // Combined test
    const char *combo_test_args[] = {"ignored", "-nofoo", "-bar"};
    const char *combo_test_conf = "foo=1\nnobar=1\n";
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.ParseParameters(3, (char**)combo_test_args, error));
    testArgs.ReadConfigString(combo_test_conf);

    // Command line overrides, but doesn't erase old setting
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.IsArgNegated("-foo"));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArg("-foo", "xxx") == "0");
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArgs("-foo").size() == 0);

    // Command line overrides, but doesn't erase old setting
    BOOST_CHECK(!testArgs.IsArgNegated("-bar"));
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArg("-bar", "xxx") == "");
    BOOST_CHECK(testArgs.GetArgs("-bar").size() == 1
                && testArgs.GetArgs("-bar").front() == "");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_ReadConfigStream)
{
    const char *str_config =
       "a=\n"
       "b=1\n"
       "ccc=argument\n"
       "ccc=multiple\n"
       "d=e\n"
       "nofff=1\n"
       "noggg=0\n"
       "h=1\n"
       "noh=1\n"
       "noi=1\n"
       "i=1\n"
       "sec1.ccc=extend1\n"
       "\n"
       "[sec1]\n"
       "ccc=extend2\n"
       "d=eee\n"
       "h=1\n"
       "[sec2]\n"
       "ccc=extend3\n"
       "iii=2\n";

    TestArgsManager test_args;
    LOCK(test_args.cs_args);
    const auto a = std::make_pair("-a", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto b = std::make_pair("-b", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto ccc = std::make_pair("-ccc", ArgsManager::ALLOW_STRING);
    const auto d = std::make_pair("-d", ArgsManager::ALLOW_STRING);
    const auto e = std::make_pair("-e", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY);
    const auto fff = std::make_pair("-fff", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto ggg = std::make_pair("-ggg", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto h = std::make_pair("-h", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto i = std::make_pair("-i", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto iii = std::make_pair("-iii", ArgsManager::ALLOW_INT);
    test_args.SetupArgs({a, b, ccc, d, e, fff, ggg, h, i, iii});

    test_args.ReadConfigString(str_config);
    // expectation: a, b, ccc, d, fff, ggg, h, i end up in map
    // so do sec1.ccc, sec1.d, sec1.h, sec2.ccc, sec2.iii

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.m_settings.command_line_options.empty());
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.m_settings.ro_config.size() == 3);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].size() == 8);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.m_settings.ro_config["sec1"].size() == 3);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.m_settings.ro_config["sec2"].size() == 2);

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("a")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("b")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("ccc")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("d")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("fff")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("ggg")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("h")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config[""].count("i")
               );
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.m_settings.ro_config["sec1"].count("ccc")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config["sec1"].count("h")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config["sec2"].count("ccc")
                && test_args.m_settings.ro_config["sec2"].count("iii")
               );

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.IsArgSet("-a")
                && test_args.IsArgSet("-b")
                && test_args.IsArgSet("-ccc")
                && test_args.IsArgSet("-d")
                && test_args.IsArgSet("-fff")
                && test_args.IsArgSet("-ggg")
                && test_args.IsArgSet("-h")
                && test_args.IsArgSet("-i")
                && !test_args.IsArgSet("-zzz")
                && !test_args.IsArgSet("-iii")
               );

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-a", "xxx") == ""
                && test_args.GetArg("-b", "xxx") == "1"
                && test_args.GetArg("-ccc", "xxx") == "argument"
                && test_args.GetArg("-d", "xxx") == "e"
                && test_args.GetArg("-fff", "xxx") == "0"
                && test_args.GetArg("-ggg", "xxx") == "1"
                && test_args.GetArg("-h", "xxx") == "0"
                && test_args.GetArg("-i", "xxx") == "1"
                && test_args.GetArg("-zzz", "xxx") == "xxx"
                && test_args.GetArg("-iii", "xxx") == "xxx"
               );

    for (const bool def : {false, true}) {
        BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetBoolArg("-a", def)
                     && test_args.GetBoolArg("-b", def)
                     && !test_args.GetBoolArg("-ccc", def)
                     && !test_args.GetBoolArg("-d", def)
                     && !test_args.GetBoolArg("-fff", def)
                     && test_args.GetBoolArg("-ggg", def)
                     && !test_args.GetBoolArg("-h", def)
                     && test_args.GetBoolArg("-i", def)
                     && test_args.GetBoolArg("-zzz", def) == def
                     && test_args.GetBoolArg("-iii", def) == def
                   );
    }

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-a").size() == 1
                && test_args.GetArgs("-a").front() == "");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-b").size() == 1
                && test_args.GetArgs("-b").front() == "1");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-ccc").size() == 2
                && test_args.GetArgs("-ccc").front() == "argument"
                && test_args.GetArgs("-ccc").back() == "multiple");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-fff").size() == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-nofff").size() == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-ggg").size() == 1
                && test_args.GetArgs("-ggg").front() == "1");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-noggg").size() == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-h").size() == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-noh").size() == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-i").size() == 1
                && test_args.GetArgs("-i").front() == "1");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-noi").size() == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-zzz").size() == 0);

    BOOST_CHECK(!test_args.IsArgNegated("-a"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!test_args.IsArgNegated("-b"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!test_args.IsArgNegated("-ccc"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!test_args.IsArgNegated("-d"));
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.IsArgNegated("-fff"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!test_args.IsArgNegated("-ggg"));
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.IsArgNegated("-h")); // last setting takes precedence
    BOOST_CHECK(!test_args.IsArgNegated("-i")); // last setting takes precedence
    BOOST_CHECK(!test_args.IsArgNegated("-zzz"));

    // Test sections work
    test_args.SelectConfigNetwork("sec1");

    // same as original
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-a", "xxx") == ""
                && test_args.GetArg("-b", "xxx") == "1"
                && test_args.GetArg("-fff", "xxx") == "0"
                && test_args.GetArg("-ggg", "xxx") == "1"
                && test_args.GetArg("-zzz", "xxx") == "xxx"
                && test_args.GetArg("-iii", "xxx") == "xxx"
               );
    // d is overridden
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-d", "xxx") == "eee");
    // section-specific setting
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-h", "xxx") == "1");
    // section takes priority for multiple values
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-ccc", "xxx") == "extend1");
    // check multiple values works
    const std::vector<std::string> sec1_ccc_expected = {"extend1","extend2","argument","multiple"};
    const auto& sec1_ccc_res = test_args.GetArgs("-ccc");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(sec1_ccc_res.begin(), sec1_ccc_res.end(), sec1_ccc_expected.begin(), sec1_ccc_expected.end());

    test_args.SelectConfigNetwork("sec2");

    // same as original
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-a", "xxx") == ""
                && test_args.GetArg("-b", "xxx") == "1"
                && test_args.GetArg("-d", "xxx") == "e"
                && test_args.GetArg("-fff", "xxx") == "0"
                && test_args.GetArg("-ggg", "xxx") == "1"
                && test_args.GetArg("-zzz", "xxx") == "xxx"
                && test_args.GetArg("-h", "xxx") == "0"
               );
    // section-specific setting
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-iii", "xxx") == "2");
    // section takes priority for multiple values
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-ccc", "xxx") == "extend3");
    // check multiple values works
    const std::vector<std::string> sec2_ccc_expected = {"extend3","argument","multiple"};
    const auto& sec2_ccc_res = test_args.GetArgs("-ccc");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(sec2_ccc_res.begin(), sec2_ccc_res.end(), sec2_ccc_expected.begin(), sec2_ccc_expected.end());

    // Test section only options

    test_args.SetNetworkOnlyArg("-d");
    test_args.SetNetworkOnlyArg("-ccc");
    test_args.SetNetworkOnlyArg("-h");

    test_args.SelectConfigNetwork(CBaseChainParams::MAIN);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-d", "xxx") == "e");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-ccc").size() == 2);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-h", "xxx") == "0");

    test_args.SelectConfigNetwork("sec1");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-d", "xxx") == "eee");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-d").size() == 1);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-ccc").size() == 2);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-h", "xxx") == "1");

    test_args.SelectConfigNetwork("sec2");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-d", "xxx") == "xxx");
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-d").size() == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArgs("-ccc").size() == 1);
    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.GetArg("-h", "xxx") == "0");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_GetArg)
{
    TestArgsManager testArgs;
    LOCK(testArgs.cs_args);
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options.clear();
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["strtest1"] = {"string..."};
    // strtest2 undefined on purpose
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["inttest1"] = {"12345"};
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["inttest2"] = {"81985529216486895"};
    // inttest3 undefined on purpose
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["booltest1"] = {""};
    // booltest2 undefined on purpose
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["booltest3"] = {"0"};
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["booltest4"] = {"1"};

    // priorities
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["pritest1"] = {"a", "b"};
    testArgs.m_settings.ro_config[""]["pritest2"] = {"a", "b"};
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["pritest3"] = {"a"};
    testArgs.m_settings.ro_config[""]["pritest3"] = {"b"};
    testArgs.m_settings.command_line_options["pritest4"] = {"a","b"};
    testArgs.m_settings.ro_config[""]["pritest4"] = {"c","d"};

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("strtest1", "default"), "string...");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("strtest2", "default"), "default");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("inttest1", -1), 12345);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("inttest2", -1), 81985529216486895LL);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("inttest3", -1), -1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetBoolArg("booltest1", false), true);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetBoolArg("booltest2", false), false);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetBoolArg("booltest3", false), false);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetBoolArg("booltest4", false), true);

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("pritest1", "default"), "b");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("pritest2", "default"), "a");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("pritest3", "default"), "a");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(testArgs.GetArg("pritest4", "default"), "b");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_GetChainName)
{
    TestArgsManager test_args;
    const auto testnet = std::make_pair("-testnet", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    const auto regtest = std::make_pair("-regtest", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL);
    test_args.SetupArgs({testnet, regtest});

    const char* argv_testnet[] = {"cmd", "-testnet"};
    const char* argv_regtest[] = {"cmd", "-regtest"};
    const char* argv_test_no_reg[] = {"cmd", "-testnet", "-noregtest"};
    const char* argv_both[] = {"cmd", "-testnet", "-regtest"};

    // equivalent to "-testnet"
    // regtest in testnet section is ignored
    const char* testnetconf = "testnet=1\nregtest=0\n[test]\nregtest=1";
    std::string error;

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(0, (char**)argv_testnet, error));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "main");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv_testnet, error));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv_regtest, error));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "regtest");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(3, (char**)argv_test_no_reg, error));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(3, (char**)argv_both, error));
    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(test_args.GetChainName(), std::runtime_error);

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(0, (char**)argv_testnet, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv_testnet, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv_regtest, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(test_args.GetChainName(), std::runtime_error);

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(3, (char**)argv_test_no_reg, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(3, (char**)argv_both, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(test_args.GetChainName(), std::runtime_error);

    // check setting the network to test (and thus making
    // [test] regtest=1 potentially relevant) doesn't break things
    test_args.SelectConfigNetwork("test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(0, (char**)argv_testnet, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv_testnet, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv_regtest, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(test_args.GetChainName(), std::runtime_error);

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(2, (char**)argv_test_no_reg, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(test_args.GetChainName(), "test");

    BOOST_CHECK(test_args.ParseParameters(3, (char**)argv_both, error));
    test_args.ReadConfigString(testnetconf);
    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(test_args.GetChainName(), std::runtime_error);
}

// Test different ways settings can be merged, and verify results. This test can
// be used to confirm that updates to settings code don't change behavior
// unintentionally.
//
// The test covers:
//
// - Combining different setting actions. Possible actions are: configuring a
//   setting, negating a setting (adding "-no" prefix), and configuring/negating
//   settings in a network section (adding "main." or "test." prefixes).
//
// - Combining settings from command line arguments and a config file.
//
// - Combining SoftSet and ForceSet calls.
//
// - Testing "main" and "test" network values to make sure settings from network
//   sections are applied and to check for mainnet-specific behaviors like
//   inheriting settings from the default section.
//
// - Testing network-specific settings like "-wallet", that may be ignored
//   outside a network section, and non-network specific settings like "-server"
//   that aren't sensitive to the network.
//
struct ArgsMergeTestingSetup : public BasicTestingSetup {
    //! Max number of actions to sequence together. Can decrease this when
    //! debugging to make test results easier to understand.
    static constexpr int MAX_ACTIONS = 3;

    enum Action { NONE, SET, NEGATE, SECTION_SET, SECTION_NEGATE };
    using ActionList = Action[MAX_ACTIONS];

    //! Enumerate all possible test configurations.
    template <typename Fn>
    void ForEachMergeSetup(Fn&& fn)
    {
        ActionList arg_actions = {};
        ForEachNoDup(arg_actions, SET, SECTION_NEGATE, [&] {
            ActionList conf_actions = {};
            ForEachNoDup(conf_actions, SET, SECTION_NEGATE, [&] {
                for (bool soft_set : {false, true}) {
                    for (bool force_set : {false, true}) {
                        for (const std::string& section : {CBaseChainParams::MAIN, CBaseChainParams::TESTNET}) {
                            for (const std::string& network : {CBaseChainParams::MAIN, CBaseChainParams::TESTNET}) {
                                for (bool net_specific : {false, true}) {
                                    fn(arg_actions, conf_actions, soft_set, force_set, section, network, net_specific);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        });
    }

    //! Translate actions into a list of <key>=<value> setting strings.
    std::vector<std::string> GetValues(const ActionList& actions,
        const std::string& section,
        const std::string& name,
        const std::string& value_prefix)
    {
        std::vector<std::string> values;
        int suffix = 0;
        for (Action action : actions) {
            if (action == NONE) break;
            std::string prefix;
            if (action == SECTION_SET || action == SECTION_NEGATE) prefix = section + ".";
            if (action == SET || action == SECTION_SET) {
                for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
                    values.push_back(prefix + name + "=" + value_prefix + std::to_string(++suffix));
                }
            }
            if (action == NEGATE || action == SECTION_NEGATE) {
                values.push_back(prefix + "no" + name + "=1");
            }
        }
        return values;
    }
};

// Regression test covering different ways config settings can be merged. The
// test parses and merges settings, representing the results as strings that get
// compared against an expected hash. To debug, the result strings can be dumped
// to a file (see comments below).
BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(util_ArgsMerge, ArgsMergeTestingSetup)
{
    CHash256 out_sha;
    FILE* out_file = nullptr;
    if (const char* out_path = getenv("ARGS_MERGE_TEST_OUT")) {
        out_file = fsbridge::fopen(out_path, "w");
        if (!out_file) throw std::system_error(errno, std::generic_category(), "fopen failed");
    }

    ForEachMergeSetup([&](const ActionList& arg_actions, const ActionList& conf_actions, bool soft_set, bool force_set,
                          const std::string& section, const std::string& network, bool net_specific) {
        TestArgsManager parser;
        LOCK(parser.cs_args);

        std::string desc = "net=";
        desc += network;
        parser.m_network = network;

        const std::string& name = net_specific ? "wallet" : "server";
        const std::string key = "-" + name;
        parser.AddArg(key, name, ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
        if (net_specific) parser.SetNetworkOnlyArg(key);

        auto args = GetValues(arg_actions, section, name, "a");
        std::vector<const char*> argv = {"ignored"};
        for (auto& arg : args) {
            arg.insert(0, "-");
            desc += " ";
            desc += arg;
            argv.push_back(arg.c_str());
        }
        std::string error;
        BOOST_CHECK(parser.ParseParameters(argv.size(), argv.data(), error));
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(error, "");

        std::string conf;
        for (auto& conf_val : GetValues(conf_actions, section, name, "c")) {
            desc += " ";
            desc += conf_val;
            conf += conf_val;
            conf += "\n";
        }
        std::istringstream conf_stream(conf);
        BOOST_CHECK(parser.ReadConfigStream(conf_stream, "filepath", error));
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(error, "");

        if (soft_set) {
            desc += " soft";
            parser.SoftSetArg(key, "soft1");
            parser.SoftSetArg(key, "soft2");
        }

        if (force_set) {
            desc += " force";
            parser.ForceSetArg(key, "force1");
            parser.ForceSetArg(key, "force2");
        }

        desc += " || ";

        if (!parser.IsArgSet(key)) {
            desc += "unset";
            BOOST_CHECK(!parser.IsArgNegated(key));
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(parser.GetArg(key, "default"), "default");
            BOOST_CHECK(parser.GetArgs(key).empty());
        } else if (parser.IsArgNegated(key)) {
            desc += "negated";
            BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(parser.GetArg(key, "default"), "0");
            BOOST_CHECK(parser.GetArgs(key).empty());
        } else {
            desc += parser.GetArg(key, "default");
            desc += " |";
            for (const auto& arg : parser.GetArgs(key)) {
                desc += " ";
                desc += arg;
            }
        }

        std::set<std::string> ignored = parser.GetUnsuitableSectionOnlyArgs();
        if (!ignored.empty()) {
            desc += " | ignored";
            for (const auto& arg : ignored) {
                desc += " ";
                desc += arg;
            }
        }

        desc += "\n";

        out_sha.Write((const unsigned char*)desc.data(), desc.size());
        if (out_file) {
            BOOST_REQUIRE(fwrite(desc.data(), 1, desc.size(), out_file) == desc.size());
        }
    });

    if (out_file) {
        if (fclose(out_file)) throw std::system_error(errno, std::generic_category(), "fclose failed");
        out_file = nullptr;
    }

    unsigned char out_sha_bytes[CSHA256::OUTPUT_SIZE];
    out_sha.Finalize(out_sha_bytes);
    std::string out_sha_hex = HexStr(std::begin(out_sha_bytes), std::end(out_sha_bytes));

    // If check below fails, should manually dump the results with:
    //
    //   ARGS_MERGE_TEST_OUT=results.txt ./test_bitcoin --run_test=util_tests/util_ArgsMerge
    //
    // And verify diff against previous results to make sure the changes are expected.
    //
    // Results file is formatted like:
    //
    //   <input> || <IsArgSet/IsArgNegated/GetArg output> | <GetArgs output> | <GetUnsuitable output>
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out_sha_hex, "b835eef5977d69114eb039a976201f8c7121f34fe2b7ea2b73cafb516e5c9dc8");
}

// Similar test as above, but for ArgsManager::GetChainName function.
struct ChainMergeTestingSetup : public BasicTestingSetup {
    static constexpr int MAX_ACTIONS = 2;

    enum Action { NONE, ENABLE_TEST, DISABLE_TEST, NEGATE_TEST, ENABLE_REG, DISABLE_REG, NEGATE_REG };
    using ActionList = Action[MAX_ACTIONS];

    //! Enumerate all possible test configurations.
    template <typename Fn>
    void ForEachMergeSetup(Fn&& fn)
    {
        ActionList arg_actions = {};
        ForEachNoDup(arg_actions, ENABLE_TEST, NEGATE_REG, [&] {
            ActionList conf_actions = {};
            ForEachNoDup(conf_actions, ENABLE_TEST, NEGATE_REG, [&] { fn(arg_actions, conf_actions); });
        });
    }
};

BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(util_ChainMerge, ChainMergeTestingSetup)
{
    CHash256 out_sha;
    FILE* out_file = nullptr;
    if (const char* out_path = getenv("CHAIN_MERGE_TEST_OUT")) {
        out_file = fsbridge::fopen(out_path, "w");
        if (!out_file) throw std::system_error(errno, std::generic_category(), "fopen failed");
    }

    ForEachMergeSetup([&](const ActionList& arg_actions, const ActionList& conf_actions) {
        TestArgsManager parser;
        LOCK(parser.cs_args);
        parser.AddArg("-regtest", "regtest", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
        parser.AddArg("-testnet", "testnet", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);

        auto arg = [](Action action) { return action == ENABLE_TEST  ? "-testnet=1"   :
                                              action == DISABLE_TEST ? "-testnet=0"   :
                                              action == NEGATE_TEST  ? "-notestnet=1" :
                                              action == ENABLE_REG   ? "-regtest=1"   :
                                              action == DISABLE_REG  ? "-regtest=0"   :
                                              action == NEGATE_REG   ? "-noregtest=1" : nullptr; };

        std::string desc;
        std::vector<const char*> argv = {"ignored"};
        for (Action action : arg_actions) {
            const char* argstr = arg(action);
            if (!argstr) break;
            argv.push_back(argstr);
            desc += " ";
            desc += argv.back();
        }
        std::string error;
        BOOST_CHECK(parser.ParseParameters(argv.size(), argv.data(), error));
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(error, "");

        std::string conf;
        for (Action action : conf_actions) {
            const char* argstr = arg(action);
            if (!argstr) break;
            desc += " ";
            desc += argstr + 1;
            conf += argstr + 1;
            conf += "\n";
        }
        std::istringstream conf_stream(conf);
        BOOST_CHECK(parser.ReadConfigStream(conf_stream, "filepath", error));
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(error, "");

        desc += " || ";
        try {
            desc += parser.GetChainName();
        } catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
            desc += "error: ";
            desc += e.what();
        }
        desc += "\n";

        out_sha.Write((const unsigned char*)desc.data(), desc.size());
        if (out_file) {
            BOOST_REQUIRE(fwrite(desc.data(), 1, desc.size(), out_file) == desc.size());
        }
    });

    if (out_file) {
        if (fclose(out_file)) throw std::system_error(errno, std::generic_category(), "fclose failed");
        out_file = nullptr;
    }

    unsigned char out_sha_bytes[CSHA256::OUTPUT_SIZE];
    out_sha.Finalize(out_sha_bytes);
    std::string out_sha_hex = HexStr(std::begin(out_sha_bytes), std::end(out_sha_bytes));

    // If check below fails, should manually dump the results with:
    //
    //   CHAIN_MERGE_TEST_OUT=results.txt ./test_bitcoin --run_test=util_tests/util_ChainMerge
    //
    // And verify diff against previous results to make sure the changes are expected.
    //
    // Results file is formatted like:
    //
    //   <input> || <output>
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out_sha_hex, "f0b3a3c29869edc765d579c928f7f1690a71fbb673b49ccf39cbc4de18156a0d");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_FormatMoney)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(0), "0.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney((COIN/10000)*123456789), "12345.6789");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(-COIN), "-1.00");

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*100000000), "100000000.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*10000000), "10000000.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*1000000), "1000000.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*100000), "100000.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*10000), "10000.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*1000), "1000.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*100), "100.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN*10), "10.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN), "1.00");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/10), "0.10");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/100), "0.01");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/1000), "0.001");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/10000), "0.0001");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/100000), "0.00001");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/1000000), "0.000001");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/10000000), "0.0000001");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatMoney(COIN/100000000), "0.00000001");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_ParseMoney)
{
    CAmount ret = 0;
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.0", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, 0);

    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("12345.6789", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, (COIN/10000)*123456789);

    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("100000000.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*100000000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("10000000.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*10000000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("1000000.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*1000000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("100000.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*100000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("10000.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*10000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("1000.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*1000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("100.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*100);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("10.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN*10);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("1.00", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("1", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.1", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/10);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.01", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/100);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.001", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/1000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.0001", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/10000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.00001", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/100000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.000001", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/1000000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.0000001", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/10000000);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseMoney("0.00000001", ret));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ret, COIN/100000000);

    // Attempted 63 bit overflow should fail
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseMoney("92233720368.54775808", ret));

    // Parsing negative amounts must fail
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseMoney("-1", ret));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_IsHex)
{
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHex("00"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHex("00112233445566778899aabbccddeeffAABBCCDDEEFF"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHex("ff"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHex("FF"));

    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHex(""));
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHex("0"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHex("a"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHex("eleven"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHex("00xx00"));
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHex("0x0000"));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_IsHexNumber)
{
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("0x0"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("0"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("0x10"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("10"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("0xff"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("ff"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("0xFfa"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("Ffa"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("0x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeffAABBCCDDEEFF"));
    BOOST_CHECK(IsHexNumber("00112233445566778899aabbccddeeffAABBCCDDEEFF"));

    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber(""));   // empty string not allowed
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber("0x")); // empty string after prefix not allowed
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber("0x0 ")); // no spaces at end,
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber(" 0x0")); // or beginning,
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber("0x 0")); // or middle,
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber(" "));    // etc.
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber("0x0ga")); // invalid character
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber("x0"));    // broken prefix
    BOOST_CHECK(!IsHexNumber("0x0x00")); // two prefixes not allowed

}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_seed_insecure_rand)
{
    SeedInsecureRand(SeedRand::ZEROS);
    for (int mod=2;mod<11;mod++)
    {
        int mask = 1;
        // Really rough binomial confidence approximation.
        int err = 30*10000./mod*sqrt((1./mod*(1-1./mod))/10000.);
        //mask is 2^ceil(log2(mod))-1
        while(mask<mod-1)mask=(mask<<1)+1;

        int count = 0;
        //How often does it get a zero from the uniform range [0,mod)?
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            uint32_t rval;
            do{
                rval=InsecureRand32()&mask;
            }while(rval>=(uint32_t)mod);
            count += rval==0;
        }
        BOOST_CHECK(count<=10000/mod+err);
        BOOST_CHECK(count>=10000/mod-err);
    }
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_TimingResistantEqual)
{
    BOOST_CHECK(TimingResistantEqual(std::string(""), std::string("")));
    BOOST_CHECK(!TimingResistantEqual(std::string("abc"), std::string("")));
    BOOST_CHECK(!TimingResistantEqual(std::string(""), std::string("abc")));
    BOOST_CHECK(!TimingResistantEqual(std::string("a"), std::string("aa")));
    BOOST_CHECK(!TimingResistantEqual(std::string("aa"), std::string("a")));
    BOOST_CHECK(TimingResistantEqual(std::string("abc"), std::string("abc")));
    BOOST_CHECK(!TimingResistantEqual(std::string("abc"), std::string("aba")));
}

/* Test strprintf formatting directives.
 * Put a string before and after to ensure sanity of element sizes on stack. */
#define B "check_prefix"
#define E "check_postfix"
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(strprintf_numbers)
{
    int64_t s64t = -9223372036854775807LL; /* signed 64 bit test value */
    uint64_t u64t = 18446744073709551615ULL; /* unsigned 64 bit test value */
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %d %s", B, s64t, E) == B" -9223372036854775807 " E);
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %u %s", B, u64t, E) == B" 18446744073709551615 " E);
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %x %s", B, u64t, E) == B" ffffffffffffffff " E);

    size_t st = 12345678; /* unsigned size_t test value */
    ssize_t sst = -12345678; /* signed size_t test value */
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %d %s", B, sst, E) == B" -12345678 " E);
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %u %s", B, st, E) == B" 12345678 " E);
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %x %s", B, st, E) == B" bc614e " E);

    ptrdiff_t pt = 87654321; /* positive ptrdiff_t test value */
    ptrdiff_t spt = -87654321; /* negative ptrdiff_t test value */
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %d %s", B, spt, E) == B" -87654321 " E);
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %u %s", B, pt, E) == B" 87654321 " E);
    BOOST_CHECK(strprintf("%s %x %s", B, pt, E) == B" 5397fb1 " E);
}
#undef B
#undef E

/* Check for mingw/wine issue #3494
 * Remove this test before time.ctime(0xffffffff) == 'Sun Feb  7 07:28:15 2106'
 */
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(gettime)
{
    BOOST_CHECK((GetTime() & ~0xFFFFFFFFLL) == 0);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_time_GetTime)
{
    SetMockTime(111);
    // Check that mock time does not change after a sleep
    for (const auto& num_sleep : {0, 1}) {
        MilliSleep(num_sleep);
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(111, GetTime()); // Deprecated time getter
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(111, GetTime<std::chrono::seconds>().count());
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(111000, GetTime<std::chrono::milliseconds>().count());
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(111000000, GetTime<std::chrono::microseconds>().count());
    }

    SetMockTime(0);
    // Check that system time changes after a sleep
    const auto ms_0 = GetTime<std::chrono::milliseconds>();
    const auto us_0 = GetTime<std::chrono::microseconds>();
    MilliSleep(1);
    BOOST_CHECK(ms_0 < GetTime<std::chrono::milliseconds>());
    BOOST_CHECK(us_0 < GetTime<std::chrono::microseconds>());
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_IsDigit)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit('0'), true);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit('1'), true);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit('8'), true);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit('9'), true);

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit('0' - 1), false);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit('9' + 1), false);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit(0), false);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit(1), false);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit(8), false);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(IsDigit(9), false);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ParseInt32)
{
    int32_t n;
    // Valid values
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt32("1234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt32("0", &n) && n == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt32("1234", &n) && n == 1234);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt32("01234", &n) && n == 1234); // no octal
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt32("2147483647", &n) && n == 2147483647);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt32("-2147483648", &n) && n == (-2147483647 - 1)); // (-2147483647 - 1) equals INT_MIN
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt32("-1234", &n) && n == -1234);
    // Invalid values
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32(" 1", &n)); // no padding inside
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("1 ", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("1a", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("aap", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("0x1", &n)); // no hex
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("0x1", &n)); // no hex
    const char test_bytes[] = {'1', 0, '1'};
    std::string teststr(test_bytes, sizeof(test_bytes));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32(teststr, &n)); // no embedded NULs
    // Overflow and underflow
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("-2147483649", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("2147483648", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("-32482348723847471234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt32("32482348723847471234", nullptr));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ParseInt64)
{
    int64_t n;
    // Valid values
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("1234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("0", &n) && n == 0LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("1234", &n) && n == 1234LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("01234", &n) && n == 1234LL); // no octal
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("2147483647", &n) && n == 2147483647LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("-2147483648", &n) && n == -2147483648LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("9223372036854775807", &n) && n == (int64_t)9223372036854775807);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("-9223372036854775808", &n) && n == (int64_t)-9223372036854775807-1);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseInt64("-1234", &n) && n == -1234LL);
    // Invalid values
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64(" 1", &n)); // no padding inside
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("1 ", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("1a", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("aap", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("0x1", &n)); // no hex
    const char test_bytes[] = {'1', 0, '1'};
    std::string teststr(test_bytes, sizeof(test_bytes));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64(teststr, &n)); // no embedded NULs
    // Overflow and underflow
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("-9223372036854775809", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("9223372036854775808", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("-32482348723847471234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseInt64("32482348723847471234", nullptr));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ParseUInt32)
{
    uint32_t n;
    // Valid values
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt32("1234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt32("0", &n) && n == 0);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt32("1234", &n) && n == 1234);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt32("01234", &n) && n == 1234); // no octal
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt32("2147483647", &n) && n == 2147483647);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt32("2147483648", &n) && n == (uint32_t)2147483648);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt32("4294967295", &n) && n == (uint32_t)4294967295);
    // Invalid values
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32(" 1", &n)); // no padding inside
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32(" -1", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("1 ", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("1a", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("aap", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("0x1", &n)); // no hex
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("0x1", &n)); // no hex
    const char test_bytes[] = {'1', 0, '1'};
    std::string teststr(test_bytes, sizeof(test_bytes));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32(teststr, &n)); // no embedded NULs
    // Overflow and underflow
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("-2147483648", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("4294967296", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("-1234", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("-32482348723847471234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt32("32482348723847471234", nullptr));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ParseUInt64)
{
    uint64_t n;
    // Valid values
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("1234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("0", &n) && n == 0LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("1234", &n) && n == 1234LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("01234", &n) && n == 1234LL); // no octal
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("2147483647", &n) && n == 2147483647LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("9223372036854775807", &n) && n == 9223372036854775807ULL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("9223372036854775808", &n) && n == 9223372036854775808ULL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseUInt64("18446744073709551615", &n) && n == 18446744073709551615ULL);
    // Invalid values
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64(" 1", &n)); // no padding inside
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64(" -1", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("1 ", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("1a", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("aap", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("0x1", &n)); // no hex
    const char test_bytes[] = {'1', 0, '1'};
    std::string teststr(test_bytes, sizeof(test_bytes));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64(teststr, &n)); // no embedded NULs
    // Overflow and underflow
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("-9223372036854775809", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("18446744073709551616", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("-32482348723847471234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("-2147483648", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("-9223372036854775808", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseUInt64("-1234", &n));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ParseDouble)
{
    double n;
    // Valid values
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("1234", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("0", &n) && n == 0.0);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("1234", &n) && n == 1234.0);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("01234", &n) && n == 1234.0); // no octal
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("2147483647", &n) && n == 2147483647.0);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("-2147483648", &n) && n == -2147483648.0);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("-1234", &n) && n == -1234.0);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("1e6", &n) && n == 1e6);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseDouble("-1e6", &n) && n == -1e6);
    // Invalid values
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble("", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble(" 1", &n)); // no padding inside
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble("1 ", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble("1a", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble("aap", &n));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble("0x1", &n)); // no hex
    const char test_bytes[] = {'1', 0, '1'};
    std::string teststr(test_bytes, sizeof(test_bytes));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble(teststr, &n)); // no embedded NULs
    // Overflow and underflow
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble("-1e10000", nullptr));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseDouble("1e10000", nullptr));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_FormatParagraph)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("", 79, 0), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("test", 79, 0), "test");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph(" test", 79, 0), " test");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("test test", 79, 0), "test test");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("test test", 4, 0), "test\ntest");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("testerde test", 4, 0), "testerde\ntest");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("test test", 4, 4), "test\n    test");

    // Make sure we don't indent a fully-new line following a too-long line ending
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("test test\nabc", 4, 4), "test\n    test\nabc");

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("This_is_a_very_long_test_string_without_any_spaces_so_it_should_just_get_returned_as_is_despite_the_length until it gets here", 79), "This_is_a_very_long_test_string_without_any_spaces_so_it_should_just_get_returned_as_is_despite_the_length\nuntil it gets here");

    // Test wrap length is exact
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c de f g h i j k l m n o p", 79), "a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c de\nf g h i j k l m n o p");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("x\na b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c de f g h i j k l m n o p", 79), "x\na b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c de\nf g h i j k l m n o p");
    // Indent should be included in length of lines
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("x\na b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c de f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e fg h i j k", 79, 4), "x\na b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c de\n    f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e fg\n    h i j k");

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("This is a very long test string. This is a second sentence in the very long test string.", 79), "This is a very long test string. This is a second sentence in the very long\ntest string.");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("This is a very long test string.\nThis is a second sentence in the very long test string. This is a third sentence in the very long test string.", 79), "This is a very long test string.\nThis is a second sentence in the very long test string. This is a third\nsentence in the very long test string.");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("This is a very long test string.\n\nThis is a second sentence in the very long test string. This is a third sentence in the very long test string.", 79), "This is a very long test string.\n\nThis is a second sentence in the very long test string. This is a third\nsentence in the very long test string.");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatParagraph("Testing that normal newlines do not get indented.\nLike here.", 79), "Testing that normal newlines do not get indented.\nLike here.");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_FormatSubVersion)
{
    std::vector<std::string> comments;
    comments.push_back(std::string("comment1"));
    std::vector<std::string> comments2;
    comments2.push_back(std::string("comment1"));
    comments2.push_back(SanitizeString(std::string("Comment2; .,_?@-; !\"#$%&'()*+/<=>[]\\^`{|}~"), SAFE_CHARS_UA_COMMENT)); // Semicolon is discouraged but not forbidden by BIP-0014
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatSubVersion("Test", 99900, std::vector<std::string>()),std::string("/Test:0.9.99/"));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatSubVersion("Test", 99900, comments),std::string("/Test:0.9.99(comment1)/"));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(FormatSubVersion("Test", 99900, comments2),std::string("/Test:0.9.99(comment1; Comment2; .,_?@-; )/"));
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ParseFixedPoint)
{
    int64_t amount = 0;
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("0", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 0LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 100000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("0.0", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 0LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("-0.1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, -10000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("1.1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 110000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("1.10000000000000000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 110000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("1.1e1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 1100000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("1.1e-1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 11000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("1000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 100000000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("-1000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, -100000000000LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("0.00000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 1LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("0.0000000100000000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 1LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("-0.00000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, -1LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("1000000000.00000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 100000000000000001LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("9999999999.99999999", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, 999999999999999999LL);
    BOOST_CHECK(ParseFixedPoint("-9999999999.99999999", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(amount, -999999999999999999LL);

    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("a-1000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-a1000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-1000a", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-01000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("00.1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint(".1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("--0.1", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("0.000000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-0.000000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("0.00000001000000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-10000000000.00000000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("10000000000.00000000", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-10000000000.00000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("10000000000.00000001", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-10000000000.00000009", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("10000000000.00000009", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-99999999999.99999999", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("99999909999.09999999", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("92233720368.54775807", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("92233720368.54775808", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-92233720368.54775808", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("-92233720368.54775809", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("1.1e", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("1.1e-", 8, &amount));
    BOOST_CHECK(!ParseFixedPoint("1.", 8, &amount));
}

static void TestOtherThread(fs::path dirname, std::string lockname, bool *result)
{
    *result = LockDirectory(dirname, lockname);
}

#ifndef WIN32 // Cannot do this test on WIN32 due to lack of fork()
static constexpr char LockCommand = 'L';
static constexpr char UnlockCommand = 'U';
static constexpr char ExitCommand = 'X';

static void TestOtherProcess(fs::path dirname, std::string lockname, int fd)
{
    char ch;
    while (true) {
        int rv = read(fd, &ch, 1); // Wait for command
        assert(rv == 1);
        switch(ch) {
        case LockCommand:
            ch = LockDirectory(dirname, lockname);
            rv = write(fd, &ch, 1);
            assert(rv == 1);
            break;
        case UnlockCommand:
            ReleaseDirectoryLocks();
            ch = true; // Always succeeds
            rv = write(fd, &ch, 1);
            assert(rv == 1);
            break;
        case ExitCommand:
            close(fd);
            exit(0);
        default:
            assert(0);
        }
    }
}
#endif

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_LockDirectory)
{
    fs::path dirname = GetDataDir() / "lock_dir";
    const std::string lockname = ".lock";
#ifndef WIN32
    // Revert SIGCHLD to default, otherwise boost.test will catch and fail on
    // it: there is BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD but that only works when defined
    // at build-time of the boost library
    void (*old_handler)(int) = signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);

    // Fork another process for testing before creating the lock, so that we
    // won't fork while holding the lock (which might be undefined, and is not
    // relevant as test case as that is avoided with -daemonize).
    int fd[2];
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, fd), 0);
    pid_t pid = fork();
    if (!pid) {
        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(close(fd[1]), 0); // Child: close parent end
        TestOtherProcess(dirname, lockname, fd[0]);
    }
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(close(fd[0]), 0); // Parent: close child end
#endif
    // Lock on non-existent directory should fail
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname), false);

    fs::create_directories(dirname);

    // Probing lock on new directory should succeed
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname, true), true);

    // Persistent lock on new directory should succeed
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname), true);

    // Another lock on the directory from the same thread should succeed
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname), true);

    // Another lock on the directory from a different thread within the same process should succeed
    bool threadresult;
    std::thread thr(TestOtherThread, dirname, lockname, &threadresult);
    thr.join();
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(threadresult, true);
#ifndef WIN32
    // Try to acquire lock in child process while we're holding it, this should fail.
    char ch;
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(write(fd[1], &LockCommand, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(read(fd[1], &ch, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((bool)ch, false);

    // Give up our lock
    ReleaseDirectoryLocks();
    // Probing lock from our side now should succeed, but not hold on to the lock.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname, true), true);

    // Try to acquire the lock in the child process, this should be successful.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(write(fd[1], &LockCommand, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(read(fd[1], &ch, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((bool)ch, true);

    // When we try to probe the lock now, it should fail.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname, true), false);

    // Unlock the lock in the child process
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(write(fd[1], &UnlockCommand, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(read(fd[1], &ch, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((bool)ch, true);

    // When we try to probe the lock now, it should succeed.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname, true), true);

    // Re-lock the lock in the child process, then wait for it to exit, check
    // successful return. After that, we check that exiting the process
    // has released the lock as we would expect by probing it.
    int processstatus;
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(write(fd[1], &LockCommand, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(write(fd[1], &ExitCommand, 1), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(waitpid(pid, &processstatus, 0), pid);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(processstatus, 0);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(LockDirectory(dirname, lockname, true), true);

    // Restore SIGCHLD
    signal(SIGCHLD, old_handler);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(close(fd[1]), 0); // Close our side of the socketpair
#endif
    // Clean up
    ReleaseDirectoryLocks();
    fs::remove_all(dirname);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_DirIsWritable)
{
    // Should be able to write to the data dir.
    fs::path tmpdirname = GetDataDir();
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(DirIsWritable(tmpdirname), true);

    // Should not be able to write to a non-existent dir.
    tmpdirname = tmpdirname / fs::unique_path();
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(DirIsWritable(tmpdirname), false);

    fs::create_directory(tmpdirname);
    // Should be able to write to it now.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(DirIsWritable(tmpdirname), true);
    fs::remove(tmpdirname);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ToLower)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower('@'), '@');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower('A'), 'a');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower('Z'), 'z');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower('['), '[');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower(0), 0);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower('\xff'), '\xff');

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower(""), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower("#HODL"), "#hodl");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToLower("\x00\xfe\xff"), "\x00\xfe\xff");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_ToUpper)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper('`'), '`');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper('a'), 'A');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper('z'), 'Z');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper('{'), '{');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper(0), 0);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper('\xff'), '\xff');

    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper(""), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper("#hodl"), "#HODL");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ToUpper("\x00\xfe\xff"), "\x00\xfe\xff");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_Capitalize)
{
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Capitalize(""), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Capitalize("bitcoin"), "Bitcoin");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(Capitalize("\x00\xfe\xff"), "\x00\xfe\xff");
}

static std::string SpanToStr(Span<const char>& span)
{
    return std::string(span.begin(), span.end());
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_spanparsing)
{
    using namespace spanparsing;
    std::string input;
    Span<const char> sp;
    bool success;

    // Const(...): parse a constant, update span to skip it if successful
    input = "MilkToastHoney";
    sp = MakeSpan(input);
    success = Const("", sp); // empty
    BOOST_CHECK(success);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), "MilkToastHoney");

    success = Const("Milk", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(success);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), "ToastHoney");

    success = Const("Bread", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(!success);

    success = Const("Toast", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(success);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), "Honey");

    success = Const("Honeybadger", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(!success);

    success = Const("Honey", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(success);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), "");

    // Func(...): parse a function call, update span to argument if successful
    input = "Foo(Bar(xy,z()))";
    sp = MakeSpan(input);

    success = Func("FooBar", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(!success);

    success = Func("Foo(", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(!success);

    success = Func("Foo", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(success);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), "Bar(xy,z())");

    success = Func("Bar", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(success);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), "xy,z()");

    success = Func("xy", sp);
    BOOST_CHECK(!success);

    // Expr(...): return expression that span begins with, update span to skip it
    Span<const char> result;

    input = "(n*(n-1))/2";
    sp = MakeSpan(input);
    result = Expr(sp);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(result), "(n*(n-1))/2");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), "");

    input = "foo,bar";
    sp = MakeSpan(input);
    result = Expr(sp);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(result), "foo");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), ",bar");

    input = "(aaaaa,bbbbb()),c";
    sp = MakeSpan(input);
    result = Expr(sp);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(result), "(aaaaa,bbbbb())");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), ",c");

    input = "xyz)foo";
    sp = MakeSpan(input);
    result = Expr(sp);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(result), "xyz");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), ")foo");

    input = "((a),(b),(c)),xxx";
    sp = MakeSpan(input);
    result = Expr(sp);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(result), "((a),(b),(c))");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(sp), ",xxx");

    // Split(...): split a string on every instance of sep, return vector
    std::vector<Span<const char>> results;

    input = "xxx";
    results = Split(MakeSpan(input), 'x');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(results.size(), 4);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[0]), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[1]), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[2]), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[3]), "");

    input = "one#two#three";
    results = Split(MakeSpan(input), '-');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(results.size(), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[0]), "one#two#three");

    input = "one#two#three";
    results = Split(MakeSpan(input), '#');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(results.size(), 3);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[0]), "one");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[1]), "two");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[2]), "three");

    input = "*foo*bar*";
    results = Split(MakeSpan(input), '*');
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(results.size(), 4);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[0]), "");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[1]), "foo");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[2]), "bar");
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SpanToStr(results[3]), "");
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_LogEscapeMessage)
{
    // ASCII and UTF-8 must pass through unaltered.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BCLog::LogEscapeMessage("Valid log message貓"), "Valid log message貓");
    // Newlines must pass through unaltered.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BCLog::LogEscapeMessage("Message\n with newlines\n"), "Message\n with newlines\n");
    // Other control characters are escaped in C syntax.
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BCLog::LogEscapeMessage("\x01\x7f Corrupted log message\x0d"), R"(\x01\x7f Corrupted log message\x0d)");
    // Embedded NULL characters are escaped too.
    const std::string NUL("O\x00O", 3);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BCLog::LogEscapeMessage(NUL), R"(O\x00O)");
}

namespace {

struct Tracker
{
    //! Points to the original object (possibly itself) we moved/copied from
    const Tracker* origin;
    //! How many copies where involved between the original object and this one (moves are not counted)
    int copies;

    Tracker() noexcept : origin(this), copies(0) {}
    Tracker(const Tracker& t) noexcept : origin(t.origin), copies(t.copies + 1) {}
    Tracker(Tracker&& t) noexcept : origin(t.origin), copies(t.copies) {}
    Tracker& operator=(const Tracker& t) noexcept
    {
        origin = t.origin;
        copies = t.copies + 1;
        return *this;
    }
    Tracker& operator=(Tracker&& t) noexcept
    {
        origin = t.origin;
        copies = t.copies;
        return *this;
    }
};

}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_tracked_vector)
{
    Tracker t1;
    Tracker t2;
    Tracker t3;

    BOOST_CHECK(t1.origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(t2.origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK(t3.origin == &t3);

    auto v1 = Vector(t1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1.size(), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v1[0].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v1[0].copies, 1);

    auto v2 = Vector(std::move(t2));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2.size(), 1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v2[0].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v2[0].copies, 0);

    auto v3 = Vector(t1, std::move(t2));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3.size(), 2);
    BOOST_CHECK(v3[0].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v3[1].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3[0].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v3[1].copies, 0);

    auto v4 = Vector(std::move(v3[0]), v3[1], std::move(t3));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4.size(), 3);
    BOOST_CHECK(v4[0].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v4[1].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK(v4[2].origin == &t3);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4[0].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4[1].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v4[2].copies, 0);

    auto v5 = Cat(v1, v4);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5.size(), 4);
    BOOST_CHECK(v5[0].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v5[1].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v5[2].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK(v5[3].origin == &t3);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5[0].copies, 2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5[1].copies, 2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5[2].copies, 2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v5[3].copies, 1);

    auto v6 = Cat(std::move(v1), v3);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6.size(), 3);
    BOOST_CHECK(v6[0].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v6[1].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v6[2].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6[0].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6[1].copies, 2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v6[2].copies, 1);

    auto v7 = Cat(v2, std::move(v4));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v7.size(), 4);
    BOOST_CHECK(v7[0].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK(v7[1].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v7[2].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK(v7[3].origin == &t3);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v7[0].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v7[1].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v7[2].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v7[3].copies, 0);

    auto v8 = Cat(std::move(v2), std::move(v3));
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v8.size(), 3);
    BOOST_CHECK(v8[0].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK(v8[1].origin == &t1);
    BOOST_CHECK(v8[2].origin == &t2);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v8[0].copies, 0);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v8[1].copies, 1);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(v8[2].copies, 0);
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()